The Indirect Iodimetric Analysis Ascorbic Acid free essay sample

I: Purpose: To determine the percent weight of Ascorbic Acid in unknown sample. This was to be done by the means of an indirect iodimetric analysis. In an iodometric analysis, the oxidizing agent can be determined by a different means than titrating directly with standard iodide, because a high concentration of I- is needed to form the I3- complex. In this type of analysis, excess iodide is added to the oxidizing agent, and the triiodine is titrated with stand thiosulfate. This indirect analysis finds the number of moles of ascorbic acid based on the known number of moles of IO3- and subtracting half the amount of moles of the thiosulfate solution. II: Equations: Iodate with Iodide: IO3- + 8I- + 6H+ ? 3I3- + 3H2O Thiosulfate with Triiodide 2S2O32- + I3- ? S4O62- + 3I- Ascorbic Acid with Triiodide C6H8O6 + I3- +2H2O ? C6H6O6 +3I- + 2H3O+ III: Sample Calculations: A) Concentration Iodate: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The Indirect Iodimetric Analysis Ascorbic Acid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 9502g KIO3 * * = 0. 01823 M KIO3 B) Concentration Thiosulfate (S2O32-) 0. 0250481 L KIO3 * = 0. 00045663 mole KIO3 0. 00045663 moles IO3- * * = 0. 0027366 M C) First and Second Derivative V(mL) E(mV) ?V(mL) ?E ?E/? V ml ? ?(?  E/V) ?(? E/? V)/? Vav 14. 536 265 0. 021 -181. 25 -8629. 05 14. 5305 0. 01 -4 -400 14. 541 14. 546 261 0. 011 -100 -9090. 9 14. 5465 0. 012 -6 -500 14. 552 14. 558 255 0. 047 500 10638 14. 5555 First Derivative: On the y-axis plot ? E/? V (column 5) and on the x-axis plot ml (column 6). The slope is steepest at the end point. Second Derivative: On the y-axis plot ? (? E/? V)/? (column 9). And on the x-axis plot Vav (column 10), where the graph crosses zero is the end point. D) % Weight Ascorbic Acid (fully automated) -Moles Ascorbic Acid = moles I3- ? (moles S2O32-) -Mols IO32- = 0. 025048 L IO3- * * = 0. 001370 mols I3- -Mols S2042- 0.  014872L S2032- *0. 07151 M S2O42- = 0. 00106 mols S2O42- -Mols Ascorbic Acid = 0. 001370 moles I3- ? (1. 00106 moles S 2O62-)= 0. 000838 moles Ascorbic Acid 0. 000838 moles Ascorbic Acid * = 0. 1476 g AA % weight = *100 = 50. 18% IV: Tables and Graphs: See attached for first and second derivative and chart used to obtain first and second derivative. Semi-Manual Titration mL mV mL mV mL mV 0 3040 14. 342 287 14. 632 164 2. 030 339 14. 390 284 14. 642 156 4. 026 336 14. 484 275 14. 660 152 5. 970 334 14. 494 274 14. 676 147 8. 010 330 14. 504 272 14. 692 144 10. 004 326 14. 536 265 14. 706 140 12. 026 318 14. 546 261 14. 736 137 12. 650  314 14. 560 255 14. 764 133 13. 186 310 14. 570 247 14. 796 131 13. 428 308 14. 578 241 14. 816 128 13. 912 301 14. 580 236 14. 864 126 14. 106 296 14. 600 193 14. 930 123 14. 154 295 14. 612 174 15. 054 120 14. 296 289 14. 622 168 15. 868 112 V. Conclusion: After completing three separate methods to determine the percent weight of ascorbic acid in a sample, in the manual titration the percent weight was 51. 45%. The semi-manual method gave a percent weight of 51. 40%, and the automatic titration gave a percent weight of 50. 18%. Averaged together, giving a percent weight of 51. 01% and a standard deviation of 0. 719 and an RSD of 14 ppt. A possible systematic error that could have occurred would have been while doing the manual titration to not wipe the tip of your 25 mL pipet. This would have caused the calibrated amount to not have been correct and you would have added a falsely high amount of potassium iodate. This would have given a value of moles I3- higher than what was actually given. This is turn would create a larger value for the moles of ascorbic acid and you would get a higher percent weight. Another possible systematic error would be if the automatic titrator was improperly calibrated and it caused the volume dispensed to be larger than what was shown. This would have given an underestimation of the end point. For example, if the machine showed the it had reached the end point at 15. 00 mL but in realty the machine had dispersed 15. 02 mL. , which would lead to a number of moles of S2O32- that are lower than what was actually required, which would in turn give a lower percent weight of ascorbic acid and be falsely low. VI: Questions: 1. Explain the difference between iodimetric and idometric methods of analysis. Why is this experiment classified as an indirect iodimetric method? Iodimetric uses reducing agents to be determined by direct titration with standard I3-. Examples are As(III), sulfide, cyanide etc. , which contain oxidizable functional groups. Whereas idometric is used for the determination of oxidizing agents. Excess iodide is added to the oxidizing agent and the triiodide that’s produced is titrated with thiosulfate. This experiment is classified as an indirect iodimetric method because since we are measuring content of ascorbic acid through the known moles of thiosulfate and I3-, the method becomes indirect but it is also idoimetric because we are determining an oxidizing agent. 2. What is the function of the KIO3 solution? Explain how the preparation of this standard solution differs from the preparation of the standard NaOH solution used in the Soda Ash experiment. Iodate was used because in the idometric analysis, a high concentration of I- is needed, so excess iodine is added to the iodate to form the triiodine which is then titrated with thiosulfate. This differs from the soda ash experiment because in the soda ash experiment a primary standard (KHP) was used. 3. Use a balanced net ionic equation to explain the purpose of the KI in this experiment. Why must KI be present in excess? IO3- + 8I- + 6H+ ?  3I3- + 3H2O KI is in excess because a high concentration of I- is needed to form the triiodine which then allows the method to proceed with idometric analysis, where the I3- can be titrated with thiosulfate. 4. What is the function of thiosulfate? Write the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of thiosulfate and triiodide. What pH range is required for this equation to hold? 2S2O32- + I3- ? S4O62- + 3I-. S2O42- is used for titration after it has been standardized which can be determined by the equation moles of ascorbic acid = moles I3- ? (moles thiosulfate). This complex is oxidized to S4O62- as log as the pH is below 9. 5. Describe the preparation and standardization of the thiosulfate solution including all special procedures. The solution is made from Na2S2O3 5H2O, but since it is not a primary standard, it must be standardized. The solution has the potential to be oxidized by atmospheric oxygen, so deionized water which is bubbled with nitrogen prior to the solution preparation. Adding a few drops of chloroform prevents bacteria which can cause decomposition. 17 g of Na2S2O3 5H2Om was added and filled with water that has been bubbled with nitrogen and 0. 05g Na2CO3. The solution is then mixed and the chloroform was added. Three spate flasks were used for standardization. Each flask contained excess solid KI. For the titration, when the color turned pale yellow, the starch indicator was added and the titration was complete when the blue color disappeared. 6. What is the indicator for titrations involving triioidine ion? Why is the indicator added just prior to the end point? When the yellow color turns pale, the helical amylase component of soluble starch is added. This indicator must be added after most of the triiodine has reacted because in large concentrations, the stable complex remains even after the end point is passed. 7. Give the common name and molecular formula for ascorbic acid. Write the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of this compound with triiodide ion. The common name is Vitamin C and it has a molecular formula of C6H8O6. C6H8O6 + I3- +2H2O ? C6H6O6 +3I- + 2H3O+ 8. Explain what is meant by potentiometric end point detection. Describe data analyses by first and second derivative plots. Potentiometric end point detection, the end point is determined graphically and titrant is added in increments and the potential is measured. The first derivative is the change in voltage divided by the change in the titrant volume on the y-axis and it is plotted against the titrant volume midway between the two points. Where the slope is the steepest is the end point. The second derivative is the change in the first derivative divided by the change in the titrant volume midway between two points, on the y-axis and the average value of the midway titrant volume on the x-axis. The end point is where the graph crosses zero. 9. Explain the difference between an indicator electrode and a reference electrode. What items serve these functions in this experiment. An indicator electrode responds to changes in the activity of one of the ions in the solution, since it is impossible to measure a single electrode, a reference electrode is needed. The reference electrode remains constant, any changes are due to the indicator changes. 10. A possible source of systematic error in this experiment is partial decomposition of the thiosulfate solution. Suppose that decomposition occurred after the thiosulfate was standardized, but before it was used for analysis of ascorbic acid. Would the wt% ascorbic acid be falsely high, falsely low, or unaffected? Give all the reasoning to justify your answer. If the thiosulfate had decomposed after it had been standardized, it would have required more milliters of solution to titrate and obtain the same amount of moles since the concentration had been decreased. With more titrant being added, you are going to get a number of moles that is greater. Since to obtain the moles of ascorbic acid, you subtract the moles of the thiosulfate (divided by 2) from the moles of the IO3- you are subtracting a larger number and you are going to obtain a smaller number for the moles of ascorbic acid, thus the %wt would be falsely low.

How To Make Scrambled Eggs Essays

How To Make Scrambled Eggs Essays How To Make Scrambled Eggs Paper How To Make Scrambled Eggs Paper A staple of almost every American breakfast, scrambled eggs are enjoyed by many every day. But, Im sure everyone has experienced a bad batch of scrambled eggs. To avoid this truly unfortunate happenstance, lovers of the scrambled egg should learn how to make delicious, fluffy eggs each time without fail. There are many different ways to go about this, and one method I use when preparing eggs of the finest quality has yet to fail me. First, you must obtain your ingredients. You will need 3-4 eggs, about 1/3 cup of milk, butter, salt and pepper to taste, and optionally, cheese. Personally, I add about two tablespoons of cheese to my mixture, Just out of preference. The milk will keep the eggs from getting too dry and will make them fluffy. The butter is used to grease the pan Beat the eggs until they are well mixed and almost foamy. Now add milk, salt, pepper, and the optional cheese. Beat only a few more strokes to blend well. While you are beating the eggs, you should have a pan on medium-high heat with a pat of butter to grease. Once your pan Is heated up, you may add the egg mixture to It. As the eggs cooks, continuously stir and flip them. This step is crucial when making the difference between an omelet and scrambled eggs. If they are not continuously stirred, the entire batch with cook Into one big omelet. As you stir and flip, you should see Individual lumps of cooked egg as you go along. When they are to the consistency and tenderness of your liking, you may remove them from the pan and enjoy. These eggs are perfect for an everyday breakfast. Or, If youre ever feeling like a nice Brenner, (breakfast for dinner) theyre great as well. I guarantee your egg-loving family and friends will adore them and lull be remembered as an egg-traditional cook from then on. How To Make Scrambled Eggs By Alexis-Cambridge pan on medium-high heat with a pat of butter to grease. Once your pan is heated up, you may add the egg mixture to it. As the eggs cooks, continuously stir and flip scrambled eggs. If they are not continuously stirred, the entire batch with cook into one big omelet. As you stir and flip, you should see individual lumps of cooked egg as breakfast. Or, if youre ever feeling like a nice Brenner, (breakfast for dinner) theyre youll be remembered as an egg-traditional cook from then on.

Analysis Poem No Coward Soul Is Mine

With wide-embracing love Thy Spirit animates eternal years, Pervades and broods above, Changes, sustains, dissolves, creates, and rears. Though earth and man were gone, And suns and universes ceased to be, And Thou wert left alone, Every existence would exist in Thee. There is not room for Death, Nor atom that his might could render void: Thou — Thou art Being and Breath, And what Thou art may never be destroyed. Analysis Connotative words: First stanza In the second line, storm-troubled has negative connotative meaning. Denotative meaning from storm is an extreme weather condition with very strong wind, heavy rain, and lighting; and the denotative meaning of trouble s to cause someone to have a problems or difficulties. The word storm-troubled is a compound verb that has connotative meaning an activity of destroying something with the powerful energy or an activity that can cause a dangerous effect. In the fourth line, shines has positive connotative meaning. The denotative meaning from shines as verb is to send out or reflect light; the connotative meaning is to show something or looks like. Also in fourth line, the word arming has positive connotative meaning. The word arming comes from word arm and affix  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œing. Arming then has meaning as verb. The denotative meaning from arm is part of body which consist of two long parts of the upper body that fixed to the shoulders and have hands at the end. The connotative meaning from arming is to embrace or to hug someone, also to save or to make safety from something. Second stanza In the first line, the word breast has positive connotative meaning. The denotative meaning from breast is part of body, especially has relation with women. The connotative meaning from this word is deep inside of heart. In this line the poet wants to show that she really believes in God, so that she says that God in her breast or in her deep inside of her heart. Fourth Stanza In the fourth line, Rock has positive connotative meaning. The denotation meaning of rock is the dry solid part of the Earth’s surface; stone. The connotative meaning of Rock here is the faith, beliefs, or religion that people have to have. Seventh Stanza In the third line, Being and Breath has positive connotative meanings. The denotative meaning of being is a person or thing that exists or the state of existing; and breath is the air that goes into and out of lungs. The connotative meaning of those words is the One who only has the being forever or the One who can give a life or soul for the creature. Analysis Poem No Coward Soul Is Mine With wide-embracing love Thy Spirit animates eternal years, Pervades and broods above, Changes, sustains, dissolves, creates, and rears. Though earth and man were gone, And suns and universes ceased to be, And Thou wert left alone, Every existence would exist in Thee. There is not room for Death, Nor atom that his might could render void: Thou — Thou art Being and Breath, And what Thou art may never be destroyed. Analysis Connotative words: First stanza In the second line, storm-troubled has negative connotative meaning. Denotative meaning from storm is an extreme weather condition with very strong wind, heavy rain, and lighting; and the denotative meaning of trouble s to cause someone to have a problems or difficulties. The word storm-troubled is a compound verb that has connotative meaning an activity of destroying something with the powerful energy or an activity that can cause a dangerous effect. In the fourth line, shines has positive connotative meaning. The denotative meaning from shines as verb is to send out or reflect light; the connotative meaning is to show something or looks like. Also in fourth line, the word arming has positive connotative meaning. The word arming comes from word arm and affix  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œing. Arming then has meaning as verb. The denotative meaning from arm is part of body which consist of two long parts of the upper body that fixed to the shoulders and have hands at the end. The connotative meaning from arming is to embrace or to hug someone, also to save or to make safety from something. Second stanza In the first line, the word breast has positive connotative meaning. The denotative meaning from breast is part of body, especially has relation with women. The connotative meaning from this word is deep inside of heart. In this line the poet wants to show that she really believes in God, so that she says that God in her breast or in her deep inside of her heart. Fourth Stanza In the fourth line, Rock has positive connotative meaning. The denotation meaning of rock is the dry solid part of the Earth’s surface; stone. The connotative meaning of Rock here is the faith, beliefs, or religion that people have to have. Seventh Stanza In the third line, Being and Breath has positive connotative meanings. The denotative meaning of being is a person or thing that exists or the state of existing; and breath is the air that goes into and out of lungs. The connotative meaning of those words is the One who only has the being forever or the One who can give a life or soul for the creature.

Were the Anti-Federalists Correct Was the 1787 Constitution a Betrayal Essay

Were the Anti-Federalists Correct Was the 1787 Constitution a Betrayal of the American Revolution - Essay Example The push and the predicted effects of the constitution however created opposing forces to the ratification of the U.S. constitution. The federalists strongly supported the constitution and its formation of the central government because the formerly relied confederation articles were ineffective, and a strong national government would be able to control uncooperative states and excess powers of foreign policies that affected the U.S., and protect the right of its people who had delegated their powers back to the government. The anti-federalists had raised several objections over the approval of the constitution by the states and their population with respect to the envisioned ramifications, arguing that it would burden Americans in their future. Earlier on, the anti-federalist warned that State power would be threatened by a strong national government, where the centre of gravity would shift to the national government (â€Å"Antifederalists† gps.edu). Although power sharing be tween the national and States’ government was supported by both, the risk of giving too much power as supremacy to the national government at the expense of the States would be high. Considering the challenges facing the new republic, federal opposition â€Å"insisted that the freedom won by the Revolution would be best preserved not by expanding the power of the national government but by tightly circumscribing its power† (Mooney 51).... The anti-federalists objections pushed federalists to include a bill of rights to guarantee civil liberties to the people. The aim of the opposition on the bill of rights was to limit the powers of the central government to prevent intrusion into the state powers. To both of the parties’ achievements, the bill was later adopted and the few states which were reluctant to ratify the constitution became convinced. First of all, the 10th amendment of the constitution only clarified the existing enumeration powers of the federal government, but refused to adjust its powers to make a change. As a result, the States felt obliged to support the constitution, due to the assurance of the tenth amendment, which confirmed that powers not delegated to the central government would reside with the respective States (Mooney 58). In other words, it was a meander to achieve support of the states by limiting the federal government the right to interfere with individuals and not the state. Nothin g was new because individuals were already protected by the bill of rights in the respective States constitutions; the only change was its further inclusion in the national constitution, yet the federal powers over war, taxes, commerce, and implied powers were not restricted by the amendment (Dry 5). Today everyone realizes and sympathizes with the anti- federalist opposition for their fear of constitution to leave out the bill of rights that turned out to be very essential. Even with the 1st enactment of the bill of rights, suppressive scenarios like the approval of the Alien and Sedition Acts that threatened foreigners’ liberty, and seriously limited freedom of speech and especially of the press affirmed anti-federalist argument. The inclusion of the bill of

The Stamp Act The Coming of the American Revolution Essay

The Stamp Act The Coming of the American Revolution - Essay Example Resistance also increasingly arose when the British attempted to raise more revenue from the colonialists. The unity of the colonies in violence against the British increased as they resisted the colonial ideas of raising more revenue from taxes. Violence become regular and eventually the now united colonies voiced their grievances from a central legislature. This resistance led to rebellion that consequently led to war (Williams 120). The colonialists formed a national congress through which they expanded their rebellion against Great Britain. The result of such unity was the creation of the colonial military that fought to see declaration of independence in 1776 to establish the United States of America. The British underestimated the political consensus existing among the colonialists about the essence of republican government. They also underestimated the ability of the colonialists to organize and inform one another and work together to build bounds of national community. This ignorance boosted the American rebellion since they organized themselves across the different regions, ethnics and economic conditions (Williams 234). The colonials used newspapers, committees, pamphlets, group protests and community organizations to discover their shared concerns and to foster a new American identity of independence against the British. Communities must not just be local to form a nation. There can be national, regional or international communities that form a nation. This is the philosophy the binds the United States of America as a nation. This was the message that saw the realization of an American dream to move away from the British Empire to declare their independence (Great Britain public records office

Motivated by applications Essay Example for Free

Motivated by applications Essay Until the last century, mathematics was always motivated by applications (Kline, 1973: iv); it took humanity an enormous time span to reach the abstraction capacity necessary to become interested in ‘pure’ mathematics. It follows that children take some time to reach the necessary mental maturity to deal with the formalism and type of thinking involved in abstracts and mathematics. It is interesting to note that in many countries, 21 (the end of this 7-year period) is the age for a young person to become legally responsible. It is a recognition, that only at this age are all human capacities fully available, and the individual is able to control and be totally responsible for his or her actions (Steiner, 1982; Talbot, 1995 and Bronfenbrenner, 1995). In conclusion, this paper supported my aim to prove that the extensive implementation of computers in pre-high school education is having a detrimental effect on the development of children. The first argument I presented to support my aim is that computer technology is ecological and like all technology may have long reaching effects on children’s emotional, psychological, spiritual, moral and social sensibilities. Fostering a mechanical, rational view of social relationships. Secondly, I argued that a computer is a tool, and to be effective it is necessary children understand what it is and how it works. Just as a childs physical development is stunted when muscles are not exercised, the development of disciplined thinking is stunted when the computer relieves the child of the responsibility for planning and organizing his/her thoughts before expressing them. It should be kept in mind that tools designed to aid the mature mind may hinder the maturation of the developing mind. Thirdly, I supported my aim by arguing that computers work with an extremely restricted class of children’s thoughts. It was demonstrated that early computer use and an emphasis on computer like thinking, is leading childrens development to be dominated by the rigid, logical, algorithmic thinking, that is characteristic of computer interaction. This accelerated, but isolated intellectual development, brings a childs mental abilities to an adult level long before they have grown strong enough to restrain it and give it humane direction. The fourth argument presented to support my aim was, that how computers are used in education is detrimental to children’s development. Children need time for active, physical play; hands-on lessons of all kinds, especially in the arts; and direct experience of the natural world. The prevalent emphasis on technology is diverting us from the urgent social and liberal educational needs of children. A proper education requires attention to students from good teachers and active parents. It requires commitment to developmentally appropriate education and attention to the full range of childrens needs; physical, emotional, and social, as well as cognitive. Finally and most importantly I demonstrated that developmental stages in children are not compatible with computer use. Combining Steiner, Bloom and Krathwohl developmental concepts with the fact that computers are mathematical tools, forcing a purely abstract and mathematical type of thinking as well as use of symbolic formal language. Applying these concepts and properties of computers to proper educational goals we may surmise that they are unsuitable for extensive use by children in any form before approximately age 15, or high school. Convincing arguments have been presented to prove the extensive implementation of computers in pre-high school education is having a detrimental effect on the development of children. Bibliography: Bloom, B. and D. Krathwohl. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook 1: The Cognitive Domain. New York: McKay, 1956. Bronfenbrenner, U. Developmental Ecology Through Time and Space: A Future Perspective in Examining Lives in Context: Perspectives on the Ecology of Human Development, (Moen, Elder and Luscher [Ed.]). Washington: American Psychology Association, 1995. Bowers, C. A. The Cultural Dimensions of Educational Computing Understanding the Non-neutrality of Technology. New York: Teachers College Press, 1988 Coon, D. Essentials of Psychology: Exploration and Application (8th edition). USA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 1999 Craig, G. , M. Kermis and N. Digdon. Children Today (2nd edition). Toronto: Prentice Hall. 2001 Kline, M. Why Johnny Cant Add the Failure of New Math. New York: St. Martins, 1973.

Homosexuality, Nature or Nurture? Essays -- Homo Gay Lesbian

Homosexuality, Nature or Nurture? Homosexuality has become a large issue in our lives today. Gay Rights activists have been making their voices heard; this has attracted the attention of the population making them take notice of their cause. The church has not been able to get away from the powerful political and social pressure of homosexuality. Some churches have accepted homosexuality but many still do not accept homosexuals, saying it is unnatural and not what 'god' intended of man. The church claims that what ever decision has been made, it has been done so on the basis of Christian moral principles. The Old Testament clearly forbids homosexual practices and in Leviticus 20:13 it reads: "If there is a man who lies with a male as those who lie with a woman, both of them have committed a detestable act; they shall surely be put to death." (Pyne, 1992, http://www.probe.org/docs/homosex1.html) To address the issue of whether homosexuality derives from biological determinism (nature) or from the influences experienced from the environment around them (nurture), in 1973 the APA (American psychiatric Association) through much pressure from the Gay Rights Activists, classified homosexuality under the heading of sexual orientation disturbance. Sexual orientation refers to an individual's sexual attraction towards persons of a particular gender. Heterosexuals show this attraction to members of the opposite sex, homosexuals show it to members who are the same sex. According to Gross, McIlveen, Coolican, Clamp and Russell, 2000, three to four percent of men are exclusively homosexual compared to around one percent of women. Acc... ...new introduction: Hodder & Stoughton Pyne, 1992, http://www.probe.org/docs/homosex1.html, 04/2002 Saunders and Pickering, 1997, http://www.cmf,org,uk/pubs/nucleus/nucoct97/cause.htm : 04/2002 Bibliography Bailey, 1991, http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/scotts/bulgarians/nature-nurture/bailey-pil.html :04/2002 Blum, 1997, http://www.worldpolicy.org/americas/sexorient/twins.html : 04/2002 Bourne, Russo, 1998,Psychology: behaviour in context: Norton. Cameron, http://www.familyresearchinst.org/FRI_EduPamphlet5.html :04/2002 McIlveen, Coolican, Clamp and Russell, 2000, Psychology, a new introduction: Hodder & Stoughton Pyne, 1992, http://www.probe.org/docs/homosex1.html, 04/2002 Saunders and Pickering, 1997, http://www.cmf,org,uk/pubs/nucleus/nucoct97/cause.htm : 04/2002

I Am I Am Not Poster

A balloon is sucked in with air just like human. I can keep it plain and simple. I know how to act when the time is right. I like to celebrate different holidays. Balloons represent many things. I enjoy being creative and making kids happy. I think that a balloon best translates me. Balloons can be used for transportation. N You cannot see through me or in me. You can't make predictions or assumptions about me if you never even met me. Don't try to knock me down or break me apart because it won't work. Have way too much confidence for that, and believe that I'll go somewhere in life with it.I am not like glass. Glass is as clear as a dirty mirror. What I mean by clear as a dirty mirror is you cannot see your reflection through a dirty mirror and you can't see your reflection through glass. Glass is brittle, the imparted causes it to break, shatter or explode. No! Am not brittle. You can't tear me apart that quickly. Glass is very fragile. I'm not. You do not only drink from a glass b ut you use it for many things. I am not used for many things I am used to be one person not 1 0,000 other people, but just one. I don't have billions of different characters and personality.If you're that kind of person that tries too hard to be someone else and act like a brat than you already ruined your reputation. Think that a glass best represents me. CLC am like a bike. A bike rides on the street. When you are riding you are not looking back. Look up to the future I do not look at what and was and stays the past. I keep going and see how far I can go, and when reach my destination I will keep going till there no more room for more. A bike is like a moving machine. I am fun to play with. I also enjoy riding my bike, when my wheels are not flat. A bike sometimes falls and crashes in to places.I sometimes can be clumsy, I may drop, spill, and break something, but never mean it. A bike just keeps moving and moving and moving till the driver puts it on break. Same with me I keep on going and going till put a break on it which is my death. When you're riding your bike all you feel is the cool wind blowing you're on your face and hair. When am on my bike feel like life is put on pause and am the only one moving. Life's a journey so enjoy the ride. A bike can move as fast as a speeding truck, just depends who's behind it. I believe that a bike best translates me.Grades do not represent me. I may do horrible on one assignment but fairly well in another. Grades could mean anything, it could mean this person was tired, didn't know, not fully taught, or was absent. Some teachers time you on the test or quiz and I don't like to be rushed. Some people like me, may think that grades on assignment may make you or break you. That's probably why I'm so worried about my grades. For example, the final exam is worth 15% of your grade so it could hold you for another year or bring you to 9th grade with a good report. Your Choices are crossroads.You may think that grades deter mine if you're smart or not so smart. Some students say I am soaring above the normal learning curve and, others may say I need more help. Some people get nervous when they get a test or quiz and fail. Other may say this is easy and pass with a 100. Grades are like jinx. By, jinx I mean if you did well on an assignment you'll think that you're so smart that you're going to pass this other assignment without studying. All that I'm trying to say is that grades does not represent if I'm smart or not so smart. Others may disagree but this is just opinion Grades do not represent me.

Contribution Durkheim Bullet Points

Contribution of Emile Durkheim (bullet points) Religion Durkheim believed that god concept is collective creation and power that is used by groups to direct the behaviour of its members. The basic principles of religion and rituals is to keep solidarity in the society especially in the periods of conflict. Function of religion is not to worship the god but the society. Within division of labour Durkheim made clear distinction between mechanical and organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity is characterised in traditional societies with simple division of labour. Individuals are highly constrained by the values, norms and regulation of the society. When member deviates from this norms he might be most probably rejected by the group. Individualism is not supported ad degrees of freedom are few. Organic solidarity is common for contemporary societies where there is higher differentiation of labour. Differentiation of labour is happening in relation to population density. More and more people are living in same area with similar activities. Tension is rising, and the only way to overcome these tensions is to have more specialised activities. Division of labour develops in relation to population density. Individuals are having their own specialities and are mutually dependent. Differentiated societies are creating unique individual. Individual has personal opinion, religion, freedom†¦. and there is clear line between them and society (private problems and public concerns). The division of labour is not making only marked exchange relationship but the feeling of solidarity. Social solidarity consists of integration of individuals and regulation. Social solidarity is social fact that can be observed only by external indicators, like the law. Law tends to be repressive and restitutive. Conformity in mechanic society is held by repressive system, while conformity in organic societies is held by restituitive force. Two abnormal situations in organic societies is anomie and egoism. Suicide He explained suicide in terms of the degree to which a person is joined into social life. At the low end of social unity, there is anomic suicide, in which people destroy themselves because social bonds die and life becomes meaningless to them. Then when people are tightly integrated and there is a threat to the social group, people may sacrifice themselves in order to protect the group. Anomic suicide also proved that suicide increases as society falls apart.

Agency Review Expectations

Agency Review Expectations Introduction This paper explores the United States (US) Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) as the main federal agency that enforces TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. In detail, this paper presents an overview of the agency, its successes, criticisms, tasks, and its usefulness to the workplace environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Agency Review Expectations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To have a balanced analysis, this paper also evaluates employer responsibilities in the enforcement of TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. A careful assessment of these analyses shows that although EEOC has its challenges, it is highly beneficial to prospective and existing employees in the American workplace. The Agency The EEOC reserves the right to enforce TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. Among other federal laws, this agency reserves the mandate to enforce other federal laws touchin g on employment in America. Since 1980, the agency has experienced significant fluctuations in the number of employees. Understandably, the workforce has been shrinking from a high of 3,390 employees in 1980 to 2,346 in 2012 (because of budget cuts) (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). As of 2013, the agency’s budget was $370,000,000. This is the highest budget allocation for the agency (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). The diagram below shows the budgetary and staffing statistics for the last four years. Year President’s Request (Value in millions) Enacted (Value in millions) Approved Staffing ceiling Actual End of Fiscal year Staffing 2010 $367,303 $367,303 2,556 2,385 2011 $385,303 $366,568 2,470 2,505 2012 $385,520 $360,000 2,571 2,346 2013 $373,711 $370,000 2,354 The annual increments in the number of employees and budget allocation have largely stemmed from the increased workload and cost of operations of the agency. The EEOC’s headquarter is in Washington D.C, but the agency also has more than 53 field offices around the country (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). List of Major Legislations Enforced by EEOC As a federal agency, EEOC enforces several legislations including TITLE VII OF THE 1964 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT, the PREGNANCY DISCRIMINATION ACT, and the 1963 EQUAL PAY ACT (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). The AGE DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT ACT, TITLE I OF THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT, SECTION 102 AND 103 OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1991, SECTION 501 AND 505 OF THE 1973 REHABILITATION ACT, AND THE 2008 GENETIC INFORMATION NON-DISCRIMINATION ACTS are also other laws enforced by the agency (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). Most of these acts aim to uphold antidiscrimination laws in America. Monetary Awards and Concluded Cases EEOC has helped thousands of employees to receive fair compensation for unlawful employ ment practices. Regarding complaints raised against the improper administration of TITLE VII OF THE 1964 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT, the EEOC has helped aggrieved employees to secure monetary benefits of 258, 600,000 (2012), 247,800,000 (2011), and 229,800,000 (2010) over the last three years (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employees have realized these benefits through the settlement of 79,310cases in 2012, 82,980cases in 2011, 77,644 cases in 2010 (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). The diagram below shows these statistics. Fiscal year FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 Resolutions 77,644 82,980 79,310 Monetary Benefits (Millions) $229.8 $247.8 $258.6 Besides the enforcement of cases involving the infringement of Title VII of the 1964 civil rights act, EEOC has also won other cases involving other infringements of employment law. For example, in 2012, the agency settled 977 cases involving sexual harassment charges (amounting to $43,000,000 in benefits). In 2011, the agency settled 1039 cases involving sexual harassment cases (as well) and secured $45,000,000 in damages for aggrieved employees. In 2010, the agency secured $41,200,000 for aggrieved employees through the settlement of 995 sexual harassment cases. Monetary benefits involving age discrimination have been slightly higher than those of sexual harassment have because in 2012, EEOC secured $91,600,000 in damages for aggrieved employees (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). This figure was slightly higher for 2011 and 2010 because the agency secured $95,200,000 and $93,600,000 in damages for age discrimination cases. These figures accumulated from the resolution of 27,335 cases in 2012, 26,080 cases in 2011, and 24,800 cases in 2010. There have been equally high monetary rewards secured by the agency for race-based cases. In 2012, EEOC secured $100,900,000 for aggrieved employees through the resolution of 38,426 cases. In 2011, the reward was equally high because the EEOC secured $83,300,000 after it resolved 40,534 cases. In 2010, the EEOC resolved 37,559 cases and secured $84,400,000 in damages (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). These statistics show that the agency has been relatively effective in undertaking its mandate. Discussion of Additional Responsibility to Employers Employers have different responsibilities in their organizations to ensure the full compliance with TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. Most of these responsibilities come at an additional cost to the employers. A notable cost is training. Employers have to ensure their staff and administrators are knowledgeable about the provisions of the act to ensure they do not infringe on them (Solotoff Kramer, 1994). Such training may include an understanding of gender, race, and identity disability laws (among other provisions covered by the act). It is also an additional cost to employers to keep records of their employees (and their possible demographics) (Solotoff Kramer, 1994). Such additional documentation may act as evidence to show how an employer complies with the provisions of the act, whenever there is a need to do so.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Agency Review Expectations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In extreme cases (when employers are found culpable of employment discrimination), they may have to pay litigation costs to the aggrieved parties. It may also come as an additional cost to employers if they have to investigate discrimination cases in their organizations (if they have an in-service dispute resolution mechanism before the issue escalates to the EEOC or any other external body). Generally, these costs outline additional obligations to employers under the enforcement of TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. Challenges Experienced by the Agency Like other government agencies that experience the kind of work that EEOC does, a huge backlog of cases is an ordinary problem. This problem is a historical one that has plagued the agency for decades. For example, Keeney (2012) says in 1972, the backlog of cases reached 100,000. These cases forced former president Gerald Ford to request for additional funding for the agency to clear this backlog. The backlog has been a persistent problem since then. The 2007/2008 financial crisis further deepened the agency’s problems because it led to budget cuts and staffing cuts. Consequently, observers say the Federal government is rendering EEOC to be inefficient because the agency has to outsource the services of third parties to help it clear its case backlog, while such parties may lack the training and standards of quality upheld by EEOC (Keeney, 2012). The year 2006 is a perfect example of how the federal government al most incapacitated the agency when a partial budget freeze made it impossible for the agency to seek new recruits to fill vacant positions in the organization (Lee, 2006). This problem arose when the agency had realized a 20% reduction in staff size in the last decade (the Bush Administration justified the budget cuts to increased defense spending). Since 2008, the agency has experienced significant challenges in investigating and concluding its cases, especially because its staff size had reduced by almost 25% and it was unable to pay most of its experienced investigators (Lee, 2006). Consequently, the backlog of cases grew by 26% from 2006 to 2008 (the current case backlog is about 80,000) (Lee, 2006). This analysis therefore shows that most of the challenges facing the agency have been cyclic (bordering inadequate budgeting, low staffing, poor investigations, and increased case backlogs). Conclusion After weighing the findings of this study, it is important to acknowledge that, l ike other government agencies, EEOC has its unique challenges. However, so far, EEOC has eliminated systemic patterns of discrimination by creating a punitive environment for employers who may want to perpetrate discriminatory practices in their organizations.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Based on the analysis of the number of solved cases, the EEOC has provided relief to thousands of employees. Indeed, through its administrative enforcement activities, more than 23,400 employees have received compensation through mediation, settlement, and conciliations. The downside to the existence of EEOC regulations is the need for lengthy and costly investigations to investigate baseless accusations. These lengthy and costly investigations affect employers and the EEOC alike because both parties automatically become part of the investigations. Particularly if the investigations affirm that an employer is innocent, they would amount to unnecessary wastage of time and resources for businesses. The existence of malicious employees who want to defame employers highlights the need to have a high threshold for cases brought before the EEOC. This situation could however lead to the inclusion of new standards for recruitment in the job market. Nonetheless, such an improvement should di scourage employees who claim damages when they have no basis for doing so. References Keeney, J. (2012). Enforcing the Civil Rights Act: Fighting Racism, Sexism and the  Ku Klux Klan. The Story of the Miami EEOCs First Class Action Trial. Sarasota, FL: Civil Rights Publishing. Lee, C. (2006). EEOC Is Hobbled, Groups Contend: Case Backlog Grows as Its  Staff Is Slashed, Critics Say. Retrieved from washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/13/AR2006061301418.html Solotoff, L., Kramer, H. (1994). Sex Discrimination and Sexual Harassment in the  Workplace. New York, NY: Law Journal Press. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2013). Laws Enforced by EEOC. Retrieved from https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/

Tourism marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourism marketing plan - Essay Example There are some extremely essential services marketing strategy that Adventure out Australia can utilize to maximize its income in its business. The essay below provides several service marketing mix strategies that the company can employ to maximize its profit (Adventure out Australia website). Products For a company to be successful in a competitive market, it ought to have competition advantages over its competitors. Their products should be of high quality and attractive to potential customers. It must also provide variety of quality products to its customers (Borden 2005). Adventure outside Australia has created a variety of quality products. Some of the main service products the tourist company offers to their customers include; rock climbing, abseiling, outdoor and education adventures group games, and trekking. The Adventure outside Australia Company has a good reputation for producing quality services to their customers. Its supremacy in the tourist sector in Australia in 199 0s was due to its quality service products. To be in a position to compete in the dynamic market, Adventure outside Australia Company should undertake frequent market survey to identify the customers’ needs. The company survey should focus on local and international markets. The company should also utilize good relationship between the local owners and the company to comprehend the requirements of the customers. On the other hand, due to the emergence of many companies which have copied their products, the company has to advance the quality of their products. The company should also consider opening new market in new geographical areas. To have the competition advantages in the market, Adventure out Australia need to come up and introduce new quality products in the market. It also needs to focus on the performance of their products and how best to improve the quality of its services. People The use of appropriate staffing is exceptionally indispensable ingredients in service delivery. The services offered by the company depend on the company employees. As a result of this, employees in a company have the ability to either make or break a company. For a company to have competition advantage in the market, it must demonstrate that its staffs are better than other competitors staffs (Kotler, 2000). Over the years, Adventure out Australia Company has emerged victorious in offering quality training to its employees. They have quality facilitators and staffs who offer quality services to customers. Adventure out Australia should therefore work toward improving the quality of their employees to meet the modern international market demands. Frequent seminars and training programs is extremely relevant in ensuring employees advancements in their services delivery to customers. To have advantages in the market, the company has the responsibility of maintaining the quality of their employees by mentoring and motivating them. Outstanding performers need to be reco gnized and rewarded. This initiative will motivate employees toward improving their service delivery. On the other hand, promotion, remuneration, and recruitment should be on merit bases. Adequate staffing is also relevant in improving the quality of the services offered by the company employees to the company customers. Having quality people in the company will in this case place the adventure out Australia at a better position in the market competition. Physical Evidence

IR theorists specifically in the realist school have emphasized the Essay

IR theorists specifically in the realist school have emphasized the important role of states and their interaction in the intern - Essay Example The Realist school of thoughts presents the nation as the most important force in international politics. According to this school of thoughts the states are sovereign. Therefore a state’s authority is higher than all other non-state players like the transnational enterprises, the nongovernmental organizations, or the international organizations. All the states act in their own national interest. The Realist school of thoughts promotes the idea of states interlocked in a constant struggle for power to establish their supremacy over the others. However this struggle for power and the domination of one particular state over the others lead to a counter force against the dominant state. As a result the global balance is restored. In this struggle for power and the counter struggle military of the nations act as significant sources of power (Pant, n.d., 3; Spiegel, 2011). The states also collaborate with the other states for their national interest. The struggle for power between nations during the Cold War is an example of the Realist theory of international relations. The other states also adapt to the existing system of power on the world platform and align themselves according to their national interest. ... Realists and Market   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Globalization is a phenomenon that has caught the attention of scholars around the world. According to McGrew globalization is the growing interconnectivity and linkage that has transcended the national boundaries. It is a feature of the modern world system. By this process, any event, decision or action by a certain nation affects the residents of a different nation (Koffman, Youngs, 116). It has resulted in the integration of the entire world (Baylis, Smith, & Owens, 14, 15). According to the realists, the states have exhibited accepted globalization properly and ultimately they have played a key role in the process of globalization. Various developments had indirect influence of the state. The authors argue that the states have indeed established their sovereignty and not lost control in the age of globalization. The states have been the most significant drivers of the process of globalization through relaxing the regulation of the markets. Therefore there is a presence of state in the emergence of globalization. For a market to operate successfully there needs to be rigid enforcement of laws. The states act as the primary regulator of market. The rise in the number of multilateral trade policies shows how the states can incorporate the process of globalization in their plans and policy in the interest of their nation (Taylor, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the age of globalization human rights have received considerable focus and international standards of worker’s and civilian rights have emerged. But the realist school advocates that this attention on human rights have been possible due to the hegemony of the powerful nations. The powerful nations are mostly democratic countries. Therefore they have set up norms of