Crime, Social Order And Control - 1385 Words

Dainah Mc Neill B00666471 Criminology and Criminal Justice Crime, Social Order and Control Brian Payne Word Count: 1500 Reflecting upon the current prison regime in the UK, critically consider arguments and evidence related to the application of criminal justice policy This essay will discuss both prisons and the criminal justice system. It will undertake research to see if the prison system is working in todays society and also look at all the research within the prisons such as the rehabilitation methods and resettlement methods. By focusing on these number of methods it will be able to show if they work and what happens if they do not. Within the last two decades there has been a new†¦show more content†¦This may not be a positive thing for the prisoner as it could lead to attacks however it is done in order of the safety of individuals especially those who may live near or be close to the criminal. However when you give these criminals a label they will find it hard to get rid if it. They may be free from crime for a number of years but when they have certain labels given to them they may never be truly free from the crime they have committed. This can happen to the likes of sex offenders. Once they have committed the crime they are th en put onto the Sex Offenders List and therefore this may prevent them from reoffending. Another way to label criminals is by doing community service. Those criminals who take part in community service often have to wear high visibility vests which often make them stand out to other people. The Prevention of crime had two key elements. The first key element according to Hughes and Edwards (2005) was primary situational crime prevention. This element is where crime prevention technologies are installed in both private and public spaces. The second element is the social crime prevention. This key element is used to changed the minds of criminals and focuses on many different development schemes such as rehabilitation scheme which is used to help stop the offender from reoffending again in the future. From these two keyShow MoreRelatedThe Culture Of Control, Crime And Social Order Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Culture of Control, Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society, David Garland (2001) is certainly one worth the read. Garland, one of the leading criminologists, begins the book with a fantastic insight on ‘history of the present’ of penological developments in the US, compares it with Britain in late 1970’s. He picks out indicative theor ies by Foucault and several examples to support his arguments. He portrays an intricate argument about the rise of crime control and punitiveness. 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Copy Paste! Free Essays

Here now is my work from the question? â€Å"What will I become 5 or 10 years from now† it took me several weeks and I got a serious headache thinking about it well any way I came up with my own research about this, so far I managed to get some ideas and possibilities, I questioned some of my relatives and my family regarding my question somehow my efforts is worth trying for because I have earned a good answers through them. No one can predict his own future and no one exactly can tell what will be your life next 5 or 10 years from 2010, there’s a possibility that you will die or there’s a possibility that you will have your own family you just can’t tell. I hope my work help not just me but others as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Copy Paste! or any similar topic only for you Order Now I always wanted to see what will be my life in the future, what will be my career and what will I become? As I reflected my childhood I have many dreams and aspirations that I would like to accomplish within next five or ten years to come. In five or ten years I can see myself having many of my goal accomplished, if not accomplished, I will be working on accomplishing those goals to fulfill my life. I know it’s not easy to know your life next five or ten years but I just can’t stop thinking about it whenever I think about it I always smile seeing the sky above showing that I achieve my goals and see my family proud of me. Ten years from now I see myself as a very successful person. I would be 25 years old have a job to help support my family while I attend college. I would live in a large house on a decent amount of property. I hope to be married or getting married in ten years. Then after I will have at least two kids and if I have more than oh well. I don’t want just one, because then they will be alone and definitely would be spoiled. I would like to adopt a child, but if my husband doesn’t then we won’t. I will be a good mother and wife. My house will be fairly large with a inside pool and an outdoor pool. I will have nice brick tiled walkways leading to the barn, pastures, driveway, and pool. I will have nice landscaping around the house. A decent size pond behind the house where we could fish, swim and whatever else. How to cite Copy Paste!, Essay examples

Analysis of The Cadbury Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of The Cadbury in Britain. Answer: Introduction Cadbury is referred to as the icon of the confectionary industry in Britain. The organization was started in 1824 by John Cadbury. The company was founded on a powerful virtue and strong values of social responsibility that are still found in operation and deeply ingrained in the ethos of the company to date. The organization has three types of confectionary which include candy, gum, and chocolate. The company currently operates in more than sixty countries and has also been able to employ more than fifty thousand workers. The company has been working with an approximate of thirty-five thousand suppliers, who are both indirectly and directly (Rowlinson, 2002). This paper transcends a discussion as per the case study of Cadbury through an analysis of its how it applies its organizational metaphor, its psychological contract, its corporate culture, and its relationship with its workers. Additionally, the paper will outline the organizational and structural history of the company and a discussion of its people transformation as well as process transformation. Morgans Organizational Metaphor Gareth Morgan was able to come up with the images of an organization, which are important so as to develop a deeper understanding of any company (Cornelissen, Oswick, Christensen others, 2008). The organization is usually based on various basic metaphors that include: Organization as a Machine: it is the foundation of what is referred to as Taylorism and is the most simplistic form of metaphor. The ideas that are associated with this include order, standardization, the source of power, efficiency, measurement, control, breakdowns, and repairs. Organization as brains: its emphasis was to describe the complex activities and tasks that are carried by the organizations. Brains normally come up with thoughts and ideas, and store data that is usually made available when it is being required. Ideas that are associated with this metaphor include learning, mindset, feedback, processing, intelligence, networks and knowledge (Inns, 2002). Organization as a political system: the concepts that are associated with the metaphor are rights, interest, backroom deals, censorship, alliances, hidden agenda, interests, and party-line. Organization as a psychic prison: the metaphor analyses on the importance for managers to identify changes so in an attempt to get full support in the implementation It creates a suitable environment for innovation and viable changes. Organization as organisms: just like the organisms, businesses usually operate in delicate ecology that is associated with many interdependencies. It enables businesses to be keen on the changes taking place in the environment. Organization as culture: it is associated with ideas such as values, society, laws, ideology, history, beliefs, rituals, service, mission, and vision. Organization as an instrument of Domination: is where the themes of social costs, oppression and sweat-shops are found. It is associated with ideas such as the imposition of values, ego, defense mechanisms, exploitation, corporate interests, charisma, and compliance. Organization as System of Change and Flux: it deals with various aspects such as entropy, dissipation, stability and creative destruction. It is the market-leading metaphor. Application to the Cadbury Company The Organizational Metaphor that might be applied to Cadbury before the merger is the one for the organization as a culture. It started in 1824 when the company was still a shop selling tea and coffee. The Cadbury family belonged to a non-conformist group of religion referred to as Quakers. They had a strong belief about various pressing issues such as alleviation of poverty and social justice. Since the Quakers were barred from various training institutions, this might be a good reason for the flourishment of the company even before the merger. The employment strategy that was used at the time was mainly associated with the Quaker traditions. The company prevented married women from working for them, which was according to the view of the managers who stood for what they believed. Changes to the term of employment began to be viewed differently in the 1940s when the shortage of labor led to the removal of the restrictions on women in marriage at the company. The effect of this was that it hindered technological advancement since the women labor was cheaper compared to that of men. Between the 1960s and 1970s, Sex Discrimination and Equal Pay Acts were enacted that led to the increased cost of female labor. Cadbury was forced to embark on the process of mechanization. The other organizational metaphor that was used after the merger with Schweppes in 1969 was that an organization as a psychic prison, which was engaged in changes. The company had to employ engineers and tradesmen to the company directly. The contracts with the trade unions and local crafts prevented Cadbury from entering into outsourcing contracts of any development, designing and engineering work. The merger was a cause of the radical change for the company, where the company was provided with access to a wider market throughout the world. New products were discovered and revealed to the market. It was later followed by radical changes in the way the company was managed, where the company management system had to be reorganized, and redundancy notices were offered to the unwanted employees (Morland, 2009). Psychological Contract The psychological contract is a relationship between the employers and the employees, which is concerned with the mutual anticipations of inputs and outputs. The contract ought to be understood by both sides. The contract is characterized by terms such as trust, compassion, respect, empathy, objectivity and fairness. The other meaning that is found in Economics and management is that the psychological Contract is unwritten expectations that an employee normally have towards the employer (Zhao, Wayne, Glibkowski others, 2007). Employees attitudes that include faith, enthusiasm, trust, commitment, and satisfaction normally depend on balanced and fair Psychological Contract. When the contact is regarded to be unfair or broken, then the vital intangible ingredients of the good performance of the organization can disappear. It worth to note that the contract normally contains some important things such as job satisfaction, the commitment to the employee and the quality of the conditions of work and the working environment. The contract will be regarded as being fair and balanced when the employee is satisfied with the job, works in good working conditions and is committed to the organization (Coyle?Shapiro Kessler, 2000). Cadburys Approach to the Welfare of the Workers The company acquires a 14-acre site that was near river Bourn, which was intended to be used in building the premises that will be used to improve the social welfare of the employees. The aim of the project was to manage the estates and housing to the highest possible standard for all the residents, to encourage the residents to share the decisions that were affecting their communities and promoting housing of good quality (Ribeiro, 2013). The company engaged itself in the employment of women without any discrimination. However, the company dismissed the female workers after their marriage. The decision behind this was based on the managerial point of view. The company had to practice work segregation, where men were assigned to capital-intensive jobs and females were commonly concentrated to labor-intensive processes. The capital-intensive work includes machine minding, checking the existing quality of processes and ingredients and mixing of the products. The labor-intensive processes include packaging and wrapping work. Cadbury saw sex segregation as morally important, which facilitated the efficiency of the work (Dahya McConnell, 2007). The company established the Sick Pay Scheme in 1902, whose maximum benefits were supposed to be nine shillings for the women and twelve shillings for the men, which were made for a week. The company went a point further to come up with a pension fund that was for the men, commonly known as the Mens Pension Fund. The move was to improve the welfare of the male workers after their retirement, but it was mainly done for business purposes in an attempt to do away with the aging workers whose efficiency was waning (Robertson, 2009). When the board of the company was made aware of the girls who were not to their expectation, some recommendations were brought up by the board that includes: Only engaged girls are to be allowed to live in their homes. The girls who were over twenty years were not to be engaged. A medical examination was to be carried out, and the doctor was to reject those he/she doubted about. It was agreed that some hardship would be inflicted to make them work efficiently. The company also had an apprenticeship scheme that provided technical training young men and boys. In 1921, girls got their own department of training with the required resources to help the training process. Application in todays business Some of the features that have been used by Cadbury in its first existence are also applicable today. The first one is the Pension Funds, where employers are also involved in making contributions for their employees so as to enable them to have enough funds after their retirement. The Pension Funds that are used today are both for the males and females, which is different from that of Cadbury that was mainly for the men. The other one is the Sick Pay Scheme that is used today by employers so as to ensure that the health of the employees is well protected and any disorder of the body is dealt with in the fastest way possible. The provision of housing facilities is another strategy that is used in todays business world. The facilities are normally offered so as to enable the employees to be close to the working station and help them with the burden of searching for houses that will be suitable for the type of work. Cadburys 19th and 20th Century Organizational Culture The corporate culture of Cadbury is normally summarized by the identification of the distinctive policies of labor management. The development of the labor-management of Cadbury that is derived from religious inspiration of the Quaker. The company came up with five management institutions that were in response to the temporary social pressures instead of the Quaker inspiration. Later, the institutions were handed with a particular meaning that was associated with the Cadbury familys religious beliefs. The invention of the corporate was able to give the firms a specific identity which was able to set it apart from the Britains general unrest (Booth Rowlinson, 2006). According to Brooks (2006), the motivation of the employees is usually influenced by the organizational culture. In cases where the high practices of bureaucracy, the employee motivation is less when categorized in terms of job satisfaction. When the high context of collective culture is practiced, where the norms of the employees are respected then there are high cases of motivation, with the individual behavior having a positive a positive effect. Cadbury had to come up with their culture, which was related to the religious beliefs of the Cadbury family. The culture was bureaucratic hence affected the motivation of the workers, hence the overall efficiency and productivity for the company. The subordinates were expected to match their performance with the expectations of the leaders (Brooks, 2006). The organizational culture also affected the style of leadership, who are the main actors in the establishment of the companys culture. During the time between 19th and 20th century, the leadership of the Cadbury was based on the culture of the Cadburys family. The expectation of the family was that the subordinates would follow the orders that they present to them. It normally results in bureaucracy and inflexible style of leadership. As pointed out by Brooks (2006), the style of leadership normally takes different forms depending on five scopes of the national culture. Furthermore, he explained that a low power organizational structure, it is usually easier for the employees to be able to communicate to their leaders who define the democratic style of leadership, on the other hand, an organization that is high power, there is a possibility of associating it with autocratic leadership (Mullins, 2007). Cadburys Structure and Culture After 1969 The merger came about due to increased globalization and competition in the market for the confectionery products. The market was provided with a wider market variety all over the world and ranges of the product were complementary. The organization of the work was also changed, where the engineers were moved very close to the sites of production. The career structure becomes to change so as to accommodate the changes. The capital investment allowed the company to use the process of outsourcing. After a series of negotiations between the company and engineering unions, an agreement was reached that was called a no redundancy policy (Bansal Bansal, 2014). The flexibility agreements of the workforce were abandoned on the line of production and job demarcation was slowly eroded. The company was forced to become more entrepreneur so that it could grow and survive. Diversification into different new lines brought about structural changes within the company. A new committee was formed that had to deal with various issues of the company which was then reported to the main board of Cadbury (Hemingway Maclagan, 2004). The multidivisional structure was able to succeed due to the removal of the executives who were responsible for the entire organization, hence allowing the committee to practice long-term appraisal and planning. The executives were ready to be removed from the daily running of the company since it helped to reduce their commitment to their traditional culture. The cultural changes of the company are as a result of the changes in leadership, where it is seen that even Adrian Cadbury who was an advocate of diversification, was not ready to challenge the culture of Cadbury (Luna-Reyes, Zhang, Gil-Garca others, 2005). The Socio-technical System approach stands for harnessing the technical aspects and people aspects of the structure and processes of the organization, so as to achieve the joint optimization. The socio-technical system of training and consulting involves the following: People Transformation Leaders and team pay attention to building discipline and flexibility. There is a demonstration of a high level of interdependence and trust among the members of the team. They tend to seek improvement in the performance by analyzing and monitoring the processes. Furthermore, being able to solve the problems on a regular basis. As such, it is conclusive to assert that Cadbury is one of the companies in which employees have a transformation in case of securing an employment with the company. Process Transformation The organization is able to develop a focus that defines the main processes of business and installing a system that helps to empower the team. The mythologies of transformation help to bring about innovation and helps in achieving good results (Smith, Fox, Ramirez, 2010). Differences between the pre-merger and post-merger organization Cadbury culture was observed in the pre-merger period, but it was abandoned in post-merger period. The operation work such as planning and appraisal was done by a committee that included the executives in the pre-merge period, on the other hand in the post-merge period the committee did not include the executives. Their post-merge organization was engaged in technological advancements whereas the pre-merge organization depended on cheap labor. The post-merge organization was associated with radical changes that even included the management changes, whereas there were no changes in the pre-merge References Bansal, B., Bansal, A. (2014). Approaches of Cadbury Schweppes Company to manage its human resources and business strategies.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 36. Booth, C., Rowlinson, M. (2006). Management and organizational history: Prospects.Management organizational history,1(1), 5-30. Brooks, I. (2006).Organizational behavior: individuals, groups, and organization. Pearson Education. Cornelissen, J. P., Oswick, C., Christensen, L. T., Phillips, N. (2008). Metaphor in organizational research: Context, modalities, and implications for researchIntroduction.Organization Studies,29(1), 7-22. Coyle?Shapiro, J., Kessler, I. (2000). Consequences of the psychological contract for the employment relationship: A large-scale survey.Journal of management studies,37(7), 903-930. Dahya, J., McConnell, J. J. (2007). Board composition, corporate performance, and the Cadbury committee recommendation.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,42(03), 535-564. Hemingway, C. A., Maclagan, P. W. (2004). Managers' personal values as drivers of corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,50(1), 33-44. Inns, D. (2002). Metaphor in the literature of organizational analysis: A preliminary taxonomy and a glimpse at a humanities-based perspective.Organization,9(2), 305-330. Luna-Reyes, L. F., Zhang, J., Gil-Garca, J. R., Cresswell, A. M. (2005). Information systems development as emergent socio-technical change: a practice approach.European Journal of Information Systems,14(1), 93-105. Morland, L. (2009). Cadbury's. Mullins, L. J. (2007).Management and organizational behavior. Pearson education. Ribeiro, S. I. D. P. (2013).Mergers and acquisitions: the case of Kraft Foods and Cadbury(Doctoral dissertation). Responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,50(1), 33-44. Robertson, E. (2009).Chocolate, women, and empire: a social and cultural history. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Rowlinson, M. (2002). Public history review essay Cadbury world.Labor History Review,67(1), 101-119. Smith, J. S., Fox, G. L., Ramirez, E. (2010). An integrated perspective of service recovery: A sociotechnical systems approach.Journal of Service Research. Zhao, H. A. O., Wayne, S. J., Glibkowski, B. C., Bravo, J. (2007). The impact of psychological contract breach on work?related outcomes: a meta?analysis.Personnel psychology,60(3), 647-680.

The Indirect Iodimetric Analysis Ascorbic Acid free essay sample

I: Purpose: To determine the percent weight of Ascorbic Acid in unknown sample. This was to be done by the means of an indirect iodimetric analysis. In an iodometric analysis, the oxidizing agent can be determined by a different means than titrating directly with standard iodide, because a high concentration of I- is needed to form the I3- complex. In this type of analysis, excess iodide is added to the oxidizing agent, and the triiodine is titrated with stand thiosulfate. This indirect analysis finds the number of moles of ascorbic acid based on the known number of moles of IO3- and subtracting half the amount of moles of the thiosulfate solution. II: Equations: Iodate with Iodide: IO3- + 8I- + 6H+ ? 3I3- + 3H2O Thiosulfate with Triiodide 2S2O32- + I3- ? S4O62- + 3I- Ascorbic Acid with Triiodide C6H8O6 + I3- +2H2O ? C6H6O6 +3I- + 2H3O+ III: Sample Calculations: A) Concentration Iodate: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The Indirect Iodimetric Analysis Ascorbic Acid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 9502g KIO3 * * = 0. 01823 M KIO3 B) Concentration Thiosulfate (S2O32-) 0. 0250481 L KIO3 * = 0. 00045663 mole KIO3 0. 00045663 moles IO3- * * = 0. 0027366 M C) First and Second Derivative V(mL) E(mV) ?V(mL) ?E ?E/? V ml ? ?(?  E/V) ?(? E/? V)/? Vav 14. 536 265 0. 021 -181. 25 -8629. 05 14. 5305 0. 01 -4 -400 14. 541 14. 546 261 0. 011 -100 -9090. 9 14. 5465 0. 012 -6 -500 14. 552 14. 558 255 0. 047 500 10638 14. 5555 First Derivative: On the y-axis plot ? E/? V (column 5) and on the x-axis plot ml (column 6). The slope is steepest at the end point. Second Derivative: On the y-axis plot ? (? E/? V)/? (column 9). And on the x-axis plot Vav (column 10), where the graph crosses zero is the end point. D) % Weight Ascorbic Acid (fully automated) -Moles Ascorbic Acid = moles I3- ? (moles S2O32-) -Mols IO32- = 0. 025048 L IO3- * * = 0. 001370 mols I3- -Mols S2042- 0.  014872L S2032- *0. 07151 M S2O42- = 0. 00106 mols S2O42- -Mols Ascorbic Acid = 0. 001370 moles I3- ? (1. 00106 moles S 2O62-)= 0. 000838 moles Ascorbic Acid 0. 000838 moles Ascorbic Acid * = 0. 1476 g AA % weight = *100 = 50. 18% IV: Tables and Graphs: See attached for first and second derivative and chart used to obtain first and second derivative. Semi-Manual Titration mL mV mL mV mL mV 0 3040 14. 342 287 14. 632 164 2. 030 339 14. 390 284 14. 642 156 4. 026 336 14. 484 275 14. 660 152 5. 970 334 14. 494 274 14. 676 147 8. 010 330 14. 504 272 14. 692 144 10. 004 326 14. 536 265 14. 706 140 12. 026 318 14. 546 261 14. 736 137 12. 650  314 14. 560 255 14. 764 133 13. 186 310 14. 570 247 14. 796 131 13. 428 308 14. 578 241 14. 816 128 13. 912 301 14. 580 236 14. 864 126 14. 106 296 14. 600 193 14. 930 123 14. 154 295 14. 612 174 15. 054 120 14. 296 289 14. 622 168 15. 868 112 V. Conclusion: After completing three separate methods to determine the percent weight of ascorbic acid in a sample, in the manual titration the percent weight was 51. 45%. The semi-manual method gave a percent weight of 51. 40%, and the automatic titration gave a percent weight of 50. 18%. Averaged together, giving a percent weight of 51. 01% and a standard deviation of 0. 719 and an RSD of 14 ppt. A possible systematic error that could have occurred would have been while doing the manual titration to not wipe the tip of your 25 mL pipet. This would have caused the calibrated amount to not have been correct and you would have added a falsely high amount of potassium iodate. This would have given a value of moles I3- higher than what was actually given. This is turn would create a larger value for the moles of ascorbic acid and you would get a higher percent weight. Another possible systematic error would be if the automatic titrator was improperly calibrated and it caused the volume dispensed to be larger than what was shown. This would have given an underestimation of the end point. For example, if the machine showed the it had reached the end point at 15. 00 mL but in realty the machine had dispersed 15. 02 mL. , which would lead to a number of moles of S2O32- that are lower than what was actually required, which would in turn give a lower percent weight of ascorbic acid and be falsely low. VI: Questions: 1. Explain the difference between iodimetric and idometric methods of analysis. Why is this experiment classified as an indirect iodimetric method? Iodimetric uses reducing agents to be determined by direct titration with standard I3-. Examples are As(III), sulfide, cyanide etc. , which contain oxidizable functional groups. Whereas idometric is used for the determination of oxidizing agents. Excess iodide is added to the oxidizing agent and the triiodide that’s produced is titrated with thiosulfate. This experiment is classified as an indirect iodimetric method because since we are measuring content of ascorbic acid through the known moles of thiosulfate and I3-, the method becomes indirect but it is also idoimetric because we are determining an oxidizing agent. 2. What is the function of the KIO3 solution? Explain how the preparation of this standard solution differs from the preparation of the standard NaOH solution used in the Soda Ash experiment. Iodate was used because in the idometric analysis, a high concentration of I- is needed, so excess iodine is added to the iodate to form the triiodine which is then titrated with thiosulfate. This differs from the soda ash experiment because in the soda ash experiment a primary standard (KHP) was used. 3. Use a balanced net ionic equation to explain the purpose of the KI in this experiment. Why must KI be present in excess? IO3- + 8I- + 6H+ ?  3I3- + 3H2O KI is in excess because a high concentration of I- is needed to form the triiodine which then allows the method to proceed with idometric analysis, where the I3- can be titrated with thiosulfate. 4. What is the function of thiosulfate? Write the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of thiosulfate and triiodide. What pH range is required for this equation to hold? 2S2O32- + I3- ? S4O62- + 3I-. S2O42- is used for titration after it has been standardized which can be determined by the equation moles of ascorbic acid = moles I3- ? (moles thiosulfate). This complex is oxidized to S4O62- as log as the pH is below 9. 5. Describe the preparation and standardization of the thiosulfate solution including all special procedures. The solution is made from Na2S2O3 5H2O, but since it is not a primary standard, it must be standardized. The solution has the potential to be oxidized by atmospheric oxygen, so deionized water which is bubbled with nitrogen prior to the solution preparation. Adding a few drops of chloroform prevents bacteria which can cause decomposition. 17 g of Na2S2O3 5H2Om was added and filled with water that has been bubbled with nitrogen and 0. 05g Na2CO3. The solution is then mixed and the chloroform was added. Three spate flasks were used for standardization. Each flask contained excess solid KI. For the titration, when the color turned pale yellow, the starch indicator was added and the titration was complete when the blue color disappeared. 6. What is the indicator for titrations involving triioidine ion? Why is the indicator added just prior to the end point? When the yellow color turns pale, the helical amylase component of soluble starch is added. This indicator must be added after most of the triiodine has reacted because in large concentrations, the stable complex remains even after the end point is passed. 7. Give the common name and molecular formula for ascorbic acid. Write the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of this compound with triiodide ion. The common name is Vitamin C and it has a molecular formula of C6H8O6. C6H8O6 + I3- +2H2O ? C6H6O6 +3I- + 2H3O+ 8. Explain what is meant by potentiometric end point detection. Describe data analyses by first and second derivative plots. Potentiometric end point detection, the end point is determined graphically and titrant is added in increments and the potential is measured. The first derivative is the change in voltage divided by the change in the titrant volume on the y-axis and it is plotted against the titrant volume midway between the two points. Where the slope is the steepest is the end point. The second derivative is the change in the first derivative divided by the change in the titrant volume midway between two points, on the y-axis and the average value of the midway titrant volume on the x-axis. The end point is where the graph crosses zero. 9. Explain the difference between an indicator electrode and a reference electrode. What items serve these functions in this experiment. An indicator electrode responds to changes in the activity of one of the ions in the solution, since it is impossible to measure a single electrode, a reference electrode is needed. The reference electrode remains constant, any changes are due to the indicator changes. 10. A possible source of systematic error in this experiment is partial decomposition of the thiosulfate solution. Suppose that decomposition occurred after the thiosulfate was standardized, but before it was used for analysis of ascorbic acid. Would the wt% ascorbic acid be falsely high, falsely low, or unaffected? Give all the reasoning to justify your answer. If the thiosulfate had decomposed after it had been standardized, it would have required more milliters of solution to titrate and obtain the same amount of moles since the concentration had been decreased. With more titrant being added, you are going to get a number of moles that is greater. Since to obtain the moles of ascorbic acid, you subtract the moles of the thiosulfate (divided by 2) from the moles of the IO3- you are subtracting a larger number and you are going to obtain a smaller number for the moles of ascorbic acid, thus the %wt would be falsely low.

How To Make Scrambled Eggs Essays

How To Make Scrambled Eggs Essays How To Make Scrambled Eggs Paper How To Make Scrambled Eggs Paper A staple of almost every American breakfast, scrambled eggs are enjoyed by many every day. But, Im sure everyone has experienced a bad batch of scrambled eggs. To avoid this truly unfortunate happenstance, lovers of the scrambled egg should learn how to make delicious, fluffy eggs each time without fail. There are many different ways to go about this, and one method I use when preparing eggs of the finest quality has yet to fail me. First, you must obtain your ingredients. You will need 3-4 eggs, about 1/3 cup of milk, butter, salt and pepper to taste, and optionally, cheese. Personally, I add about two tablespoons of cheese to my mixture, Just out of preference. The milk will keep the eggs from getting too dry and will make them fluffy. The butter is used to grease the pan Beat the eggs until they are well mixed and almost foamy. Now add milk, salt, pepper, and the optional cheese. Beat only a few more strokes to blend well. While you are beating the eggs, you should have a pan on medium-high heat with a pat of butter to grease. Once your pan Is heated up, you may add the egg mixture to It. As the eggs cooks, continuously stir and flip them. This step is crucial when making the difference between an omelet and scrambled eggs. If they are not continuously stirred, the entire batch with cook Into one big omelet. As you stir and flip, you should see Individual lumps of cooked egg as you go along. When they are to the consistency and tenderness of your liking, you may remove them from the pan and enjoy. These eggs are perfect for an everyday breakfast. Or, If youre ever feeling like a nice Brenner, (breakfast for dinner) theyre great as well. I guarantee your egg-loving family and friends will adore them and lull be remembered as an egg-traditional cook from then on. How To Make Scrambled Eggs By Alexis-Cambridge pan on medium-high heat with a pat of butter to grease. Once your pan is heated up, you may add the egg mixture to it. As the eggs cooks, continuously stir and flip scrambled eggs. If they are not continuously stirred, the entire batch with cook into one big omelet. As you stir and flip, you should see individual lumps of cooked egg as breakfast. Or, if youre ever feeling like a nice Brenner, (breakfast for dinner) theyre youll be remembered as an egg-traditional cook from then on.

Analysis Poem No Coward Soul Is Mine

With wide-embracing love Thy Spirit animates eternal years, Pervades and broods above, Changes, sustains, dissolves, creates, and rears. Though earth and man were gone, And suns and universes ceased to be, And Thou wert left alone, Every existence would exist in Thee. There is not room for Death, Nor atom that his might could render void: Thou — Thou art Being and Breath, And what Thou art may never be destroyed. Analysis Connotative words: First stanza In the second line, storm-troubled has negative connotative meaning. Denotative meaning from storm is an extreme weather condition with very strong wind, heavy rain, and lighting; and the denotative meaning of trouble s to cause someone to have a problems or difficulties. The word storm-troubled is a compound verb that has connotative meaning an activity of destroying something with the powerful energy or an activity that can cause a dangerous effect. In the fourth line, shines has positive connotative meaning. The denotative meaning from shines as verb is to send out or reflect light; the connotative meaning is to show something or looks like. Also in fourth line, the word arming has positive connotative meaning. The word arming comes from word arm and affix  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œing. Arming then has meaning as verb. The denotative meaning from arm is part of body which consist of two long parts of the upper body that fixed to the shoulders and have hands at the end. The connotative meaning from arming is to embrace or to hug someone, also to save or to make safety from something. Second stanza In the first line, the word breast has positive connotative meaning. The denotative meaning from breast is part of body, especially has relation with women. The connotative meaning from this word is deep inside of heart. In this line the poet wants to show that she really believes in God, so that she says that God in her breast or in her deep inside of her heart. Fourth Stanza In the fourth line, Rock has positive connotative meaning. The denotation meaning of rock is the dry solid part of the Earth’s surface; stone. The connotative meaning of Rock here is the faith, beliefs, or religion that people have to have. Seventh Stanza In the third line, Being and Breath has positive connotative meanings. The denotative meaning of being is a person or thing that exists or the state of existing; and breath is the air that goes into and out of lungs. The connotative meaning of those words is the One who only has the being forever or the One who can give a life or soul for the creature. Analysis Poem No Coward Soul Is Mine With wide-embracing love Thy Spirit animates eternal years, Pervades and broods above, Changes, sustains, dissolves, creates, and rears. Though earth and man were gone, And suns and universes ceased to be, And Thou wert left alone, Every existence would exist in Thee. There is not room for Death, Nor atom that his might could render void: Thou — Thou art Being and Breath, And what Thou art may never be destroyed. Analysis Connotative words: First stanza In the second line, storm-troubled has negative connotative meaning. Denotative meaning from storm is an extreme weather condition with very strong wind, heavy rain, and lighting; and the denotative meaning of trouble s to cause someone to have a problems or difficulties. The word storm-troubled is a compound verb that has connotative meaning an activity of destroying something with the powerful energy or an activity that can cause a dangerous effect. In the fourth line, shines has positive connotative meaning. The denotative meaning from shines as verb is to send out or reflect light; the connotative meaning is to show something or looks like. Also in fourth line, the word arming has positive connotative meaning. The word arming comes from word arm and affix  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œing. Arming then has meaning as verb. The denotative meaning from arm is part of body which consist of two long parts of the upper body that fixed to the shoulders and have hands at the end. The connotative meaning from arming is to embrace or to hug someone, also to save or to make safety from something. Second stanza In the first line, the word breast has positive connotative meaning. The denotative meaning from breast is part of body, especially has relation with women. The connotative meaning from this word is deep inside of heart. In this line the poet wants to show that she really believes in God, so that she says that God in her breast or in her deep inside of her heart. Fourth Stanza In the fourth line, Rock has positive connotative meaning. The denotation meaning of rock is the dry solid part of the Earth’s surface; stone. The connotative meaning of Rock here is the faith, beliefs, or religion that people have to have. Seventh Stanza In the third line, Being and Breath has positive connotative meanings. The denotative meaning of being is a person or thing that exists or the state of existing; and breath is the air that goes into and out of lungs. The connotative meaning of those words is the One who only has the being forever or the One who can give a life or soul for the creature.

Were the Anti-Federalists Correct Was the 1787 Constitution a Betrayal Essay

Were the Anti-Federalists Correct Was the 1787 Constitution a Betrayal of the American Revolution - Essay Example The push and the predicted effects of the constitution however created opposing forces to the ratification of the U.S. constitution. The federalists strongly supported the constitution and its formation of the central government because the formerly relied confederation articles were ineffective, and a strong national government would be able to control uncooperative states and excess powers of foreign policies that affected the U.S., and protect the right of its people who had delegated their powers back to the government. The anti-federalists had raised several objections over the approval of the constitution by the states and their population with respect to the envisioned ramifications, arguing that it would burden Americans in their future. Earlier on, the anti-federalist warned that State power would be threatened by a strong national government, where the centre of gravity would shift to the national government (â€Å"Antifederalists† gps.edu). Although power sharing be tween the national and States’ government was supported by both, the risk of giving too much power as supremacy to the national government at the expense of the States would be high. Considering the challenges facing the new republic, federal opposition â€Å"insisted that the freedom won by the Revolution would be best preserved not by expanding the power of the national government but by tightly circumscribing its power† (Mooney 51).... The anti-federalists objections pushed federalists to include a bill of rights to guarantee civil liberties to the people. The aim of the opposition on the bill of rights was to limit the powers of the central government to prevent intrusion into the state powers. To both of the parties’ achievements, the bill was later adopted and the few states which were reluctant to ratify the constitution became convinced. First of all, the 10th amendment of the constitution only clarified the existing enumeration powers of the federal government, but refused to adjust its powers to make a change. As a result, the States felt obliged to support the constitution, due to the assurance of the tenth amendment, which confirmed that powers not delegated to the central government would reside with the respective States (Mooney 58). In other words, it was a meander to achieve support of the states by limiting the federal government the right to interfere with individuals and not the state. Nothin g was new because individuals were already protected by the bill of rights in the respective States constitutions; the only change was its further inclusion in the national constitution, yet the federal powers over war, taxes, commerce, and implied powers were not restricted by the amendment (Dry 5). Today everyone realizes and sympathizes with the anti- federalist opposition for their fear of constitution to leave out the bill of rights that turned out to be very essential. Even with the 1st enactment of the bill of rights, suppressive scenarios like the approval of the Alien and Sedition Acts that threatened foreigners’ liberty, and seriously limited freedom of speech and especially of the press affirmed anti-federalist argument. The inclusion of the bill of

The Stamp Act The Coming of the American Revolution Essay

The Stamp Act The Coming of the American Revolution - Essay Example Resistance also increasingly arose when the British attempted to raise more revenue from the colonialists. The unity of the colonies in violence against the British increased as they resisted the colonial ideas of raising more revenue from taxes. Violence become regular and eventually the now united colonies voiced their grievances from a central legislature. This resistance led to rebellion that consequently led to war (Williams 120). The colonialists formed a national congress through which they expanded their rebellion against Great Britain. The result of such unity was the creation of the colonial military that fought to see declaration of independence in 1776 to establish the United States of America. The British underestimated the political consensus existing among the colonialists about the essence of republican government. They also underestimated the ability of the colonialists to organize and inform one another and work together to build bounds of national community. This ignorance boosted the American rebellion since they organized themselves across the different regions, ethnics and economic conditions (Williams 234). The colonials used newspapers, committees, pamphlets, group protests and community organizations to discover their shared concerns and to foster a new American identity of independence against the British. Communities must not just be local to form a nation. There can be national, regional or international communities that form a nation. This is the philosophy the binds the United States of America as a nation. This was the message that saw the realization of an American dream to move away from the British Empire to declare their independence (Great Britain public records office

Motivated by applications Essay Example for Free

Motivated by applications Essay Until the last century, mathematics was always motivated by applications (Kline, 1973: iv); it took humanity an enormous time span to reach the abstraction capacity necessary to become interested in ‘pure’ mathematics. It follows that children take some time to reach the necessary mental maturity to deal with the formalism and type of thinking involved in abstracts and mathematics. It is interesting to note that in many countries, 21 (the end of this 7-year period) is the age for a young person to become legally responsible. It is a recognition, that only at this age are all human capacities fully available, and the individual is able to control and be totally responsible for his or her actions (Steiner, 1982; Talbot, 1995 and Bronfenbrenner, 1995). In conclusion, this paper supported my aim to prove that the extensive implementation of computers in pre-high school education is having a detrimental effect on the development of children. The first argument I presented to support my aim is that computer technology is ecological and like all technology may have long reaching effects on children’s emotional, psychological, spiritual, moral and social sensibilities. Fostering a mechanical, rational view of social relationships. Secondly, I argued that a computer is a tool, and to be effective it is necessary children understand what it is and how it works. Just as a childs physical development is stunted when muscles are not exercised, the development of disciplined thinking is stunted when the computer relieves the child of the responsibility for planning and organizing his/her thoughts before expressing them. It should be kept in mind that tools designed to aid the mature mind may hinder the maturation of the developing mind. Thirdly, I supported my aim by arguing that computers work with an extremely restricted class of children’s thoughts. It was demonstrated that early computer use and an emphasis on computer like thinking, is leading childrens development to be dominated by the rigid, logical, algorithmic thinking, that is characteristic of computer interaction. This accelerated, but isolated intellectual development, brings a childs mental abilities to an adult level long before they have grown strong enough to restrain it and give it humane direction. The fourth argument presented to support my aim was, that how computers are used in education is detrimental to children’s development. Children need time for active, physical play; hands-on lessons of all kinds, especially in the arts; and direct experience of the natural world. The prevalent emphasis on technology is diverting us from the urgent social and liberal educational needs of children. A proper education requires attention to students from good teachers and active parents. It requires commitment to developmentally appropriate education and attention to the full range of childrens needs; physical, emotional, and social, as well as cognitive. Finally and most importantly I demonstrated that developmental stages in children are not compatible with computer use. Combining Steiner, Bloom and Krathwohl developmental concepts with the fact that computers are mathematical tools, forcing a purely abstract and mathematical type of thinking as well as use of symbolic formal language. Applying these concepts and properties of computers to proper educational goals we may surmise that they are unsuitable for extensive use by children in any form before approximately age 15, or high school. Convincing arguments have been presented to prove the extensive implementation of computers in pre-high school education is having a detrimental effect on the development of children. Bibliography: Bloom, B. and D. Krathwohl. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook 1: The Cognitive Domain. New York: McKay, 1956. Bronfenbrenner, U. Developmental Ecology Through Time and Space: A Future Perspective in Examining Lives in Context: Perspectives on the Ecology of Human Development, (Moen, Elder and Luscher [Ed.]). Washington: American Psychology Association, 1995. Bowers, C. A. The Cultural Dimensions of Educational Computing Understanding the Non-neutrality of Technology. New York: Teachers College Press, 1988 Coon, D. Essentials of Psychology: Exploration and Application (8th edition). USA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 1999 Craig, G. , M. Kermis and N. Digdon. Children Today (2nd edition). Toronto: Prentice Hall. 2001 Kline, M. Why Johnny Cant Add the Failure of New Math. New York: St. Martins, 1973.

Homosexuality, Nature or Nurture? Essays -- Homo Gay Lesbian

Homosexuality, Nature or Nurture? Homosexuality has become a large issue in our lives today. Gay Rights activists have been making their voices heard; this has attracted the attention of the population making them take notice of their cause. The church has not been able to get away from the powerful political and social pressure of homosexuality. Some churches have accepted homosexuality but many still do not accept homosexuals, saying it is unnatural and not what 'god' intended of man. The church claims that what ever decision has been made, it has been done so on the basis of Christian moral principles. The Old Testament clearly forbids homosexual practices and in Leviticus 20:13 it reads: "If there is a man who lies with a male as those who lie with a woman, both of them have committed a detestable act; they shall surely be put to death." (Pyne, 1992, http://www.probe.org/docs/homosex1.html) To address the issue of whether homosexuality derives from biological determinism (nature) or from the influences experienced from the environment around them (nurture), in 1973 the APA (American psychiatric Association) through much pressure from the Gay Rights Activists, classified homosexuality under the heading of sexual orientation disturbance. Sexual orientation refers to an individual's sexual attraction towards persons of a particular gender. Heterosexuals show this attraction to members of the opposite sex, homosexuals show it to members who are the same sex. According to Gross, McIlveen, Coolican, Clamp and Russell, 2000, three to four percent of men are exclusively homosexual compared to around one percent of women. Acc... ...new introduction: Hodder & Stoughton Pyne, 1992, http://www.probe.org/docs/homosex1.html, 04/2002 Saunders and Pickering, 1997, http://www.cmf,org,uk/pubs/nucleus/nucoct97/cause.htm : 04/2002 Bibliography Bailey, 1991, http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/scotts/bulgarians/nature-nurture/bailey-pil.html :04/2002 Blum, 1997, http://www.worldpolicy.org/americas/sexorient/twins.html : 04/2002 Bourne, Russo, 1998,Psychology: behaviour in context: Norton. Cameron, http://www.familyresearchinst.org/FRI_EduPamphlet5.html :04/2002 McIlveen, Coolican, Clamp and Russell, 2000, Psychology, a new introduction: Hodder & Stoughton Pyne, 1992, http://www.probe.org/docs/homosex1.html, 04/2002 Saunders and Pickering, 1997, http://www.cmf,org,uk/pubs/nucleus/nucoct97/cause.htm : 04/2002

I Am I Am Not Poster

A balloon is sucked in with air just like human. I can keep it plain and simple. I know how to act when the time is right. I like to celebrate different holidays. Balloons represent many things. I enjoy being creative and making kids happy. I think that a balloon best translates me. Balloons can be used for transportation. N You cannot see through me or in me. You can't make predictions or assumptions about me if you never even met me. Don't try to knock me down or break me apart because it won't work. Have way too much confidence for that, and believe that I'll go somewhere in life with it.I am not like glass. Glass is as clear as a dirty mirror. What I mean by clear as a dirty mirror is you cannot see your reflection through a dirty mirror and you can't see your reflection through glass. Glass is brittle, the imparted causes it to break, shatter or explode. No! Am not brittle. You can't tear me apart that quickly. Glass is very fragile. I'm not. You do not only drink from a glass b ut you use it for many things. I am not used for many things I am used to be one person not 1 0,000 other people, but just one. I don't have billions of different characters and personality.If you're that kind of person that tries too hard to be someone else and act like a brat than you already ruined your reputation. Think that a glass best represents me. CLC am like a bike. A bike rides on the street. When you are riding you are not looking back. Look up to the future I do not look at what and was and stays the past. I keep going and see how far I can go, and when reach my destination I will keep going till there no more room for more. A bike is like a moving machine. I am fun to play with. I also enjoy riding my bike, when my wheels are not flat. A bike sometimes falls and crashes in to places.I sometimes can be clumsy, I may drop, spill, and break something, but never mean it. A bike just keeps moving and moving and moving till the driver puts it on break. Same with me I keep on going and going till put a break on it which is my death. When you're riding your bike all you feel is the cool wind blowing you're on your face and hair. When am on my bike feel like life is put on pause and am the only one moving. Life's a journey so enjoy the ride. A bike can move as fast as a speeding truck, just depends who's behind it. I believe that a bike best translates me.Grades do not represent me. I may do horrible on one assignment but fairly well in another. Grades could mean anything, it could mean this person was tired, didn't know, not fully taught, or was absent. Some teachers time you on the test or quiz and I don't like to be rushed. Some people like me, may think that grades on assignment may make you or break you. That's probably why I'm so worried about my grades. For example, the final exam is worth 15% of your grade so it could hold you for another year or bring you to 9th grade with a good report. Your Choices are crossroads.You may think that grades deter mine if you're smart or not so smart. Some students say I am soaring above the normal learning curve and, others may say I need more help. Some people get nervous when they get a test or quiz and fail. Other may say this is easy and pass with a 100. Grades are like jinx. By, jinx I mean if you did well on an assignment you'll think that you're so smart that you're going to pass this other assignment without studying. All that I'm trying to say is that grades does not represent if I'm smart or not so smart. Others may disagree but this is just opinion Grades do not represent me.

Contribution Durkheim Bullet Points

Contribution of Emile Durkheim (bullet points) Religion Durkheim believed that god concept is collective creation and power that is used by groups to direct the behaviour of its members. The basic principles of religion and rituals is to keep solidarity in the society especially in the periods of conflict. Function of religion is not to worship the god but the society. Within division of labour Durkheim made clear distinction between mechanical and organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity is characterised in traditional societies with simple division of labour. Individuals are highly constrained by the values, norms and regulation of the society. When member deviates from this norms he might be most probably rejected by the group. Individualism is not supported ad degrees of freedom are few. Organic solidarity is common for contemporary societies where there is higher differentiation of labour. Differentiation of labour is happening in relation to population density. More and more people are living in same area with similar activities. Tension is rising, and the only way to overcome these tensions is to have more specialised activities. Division of labour develops in relation to population density. Individuals are having their own specialities and are mutually dependent. Differentiated societies are creating unique individual. Individual has personal opinion, religion, freedom†¦. and there is clear line between them and society (private problems and public concerns). The division of labour is not making only marked exchange relationship but the feeling of solidarity. Social solidarity consists of integration of individuals and regulation. Social solidarity is social fact that can be observed only by external indicators, like the law. Law tends to be repressive and restitutive. Conformity in mechanic society is held by repressive system, while conformity in organic societies is held by restituitive force. Two abnormal situations in organic societies is anomie and egoism. Suicide He explained suicide in terms of the degree to which a person is joined into social life. At the low end of social unity, there is anomic suicide, in which people destroy themselves because social bonds die and life becomes meaningless to them. Then when people are tightly integrated and there is a threat to the social group, people may sacrifice themselves in order to protect the group. Anomic suicide also proved that suicide increases as society falls apart.

Agency Review Expectations

Agency Review Expectations Introduction This paper explores the United States (US) Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) as the main federal agency that enforces TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. In detail, this paper presents an overview of the agency, its successes, criticisms, tasks, and its usefulness to the workplace environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Agency Review Expectations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To have a balanced analysis, this paper also evaluates employer responsibilities in the enforcement of TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. A careful assessment of these analyses shows that although EEOC has its challenges, it is highly beneficial to prospective and existing employees in the American workplace. The Agency The EEOC reserves the right to enforce TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. Among other federal laws, this agency reserves the mandate to enforce other federal laws touchin g on employment in America. Since 1980, the agency has experienced significant fluctuations in the number of employees. Understandably, the workforce has been shrinking from a high of 3,390 employees in 1980 to 2,346 in 2012 (because of budget cuts) (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). As of 2013, the agency’s budget was $370,000,000. This is the highest budget allocation for the agency (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). The diagram below shows the budgetary and staffing statistics for the last four years. Year President’s Request (Value in millions) Enacted (Value in millions) Approved Staffing ceiling Actual End of Fiscal year Staffing 2010 $367,303 $367,303 2,556 2,385 2011 $385,303 $366,568 2,470 2,505 2012 $385,520 $360,000 2,571 2,346 2013 $373,711 $370,000 2,354 The annual increments in the number of employees and budget allocation have largely stemmed from the increased workload and cost of operations of the agency. The EEOC’s headquarter is in Washington D.C, but the agency also has more than 53 field offices around the country (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). List of Major Legislations Enforced by EEOC As a federal agency, EEOC enforces several legislations including TITLE VII OF THE 1964 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT, the PREGNANCY DISCRIMINATION ACT, and the 1963 EQUAL PAY ACT (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). The AGE DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT ACT, TITLE I OF THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT, SECTION 102 AND 103 OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1991, SECTION 501 AND 505 OF THE 1973 REHABILITATION ACT, AND THE 2008 GENETIC INFORMATION NON-DISCRIMINATION ACTS are also other laws enforced by the agency (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). Most of these acts aim to uphold antidiscrimination laws in America. Monetary Awards and Concluded Cases EEOC has helped thousands of employees to receive fair compensation for unlawful employ ment practices. Regarding complaints raised against the improper administration of TITLE VII OF THE 1964 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT, the EEOC has helped aggrieved employees to secure monetary benefits of 258, 600,000 (2012), 247,800,000 (2011), and 229,800,000 (2010) over the last three years (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employees have realized these benefits through the settlement of 79,310cases in 2012, 82,980cases in 2011, 77,644 cases in 2010 (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). The diagram below shows these statistics. Fiscal year FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 Resolutions 77,644 82,980 79,310 Monetary Benefits (Millions) $229.8 $247.8 $258.6 Besides the enforcement of cases involving the infringement of Title VII of the 1964 civil rights act, EEOC has also won other cases involving other infringements of employment law. For example, in 2012, the agency settled 977 cases involving sexual harassment charges (amounting to $43,000,000 in benefits). In 2011, the agency settled 1039 cases involving sexual harassment cases (as well) and secured $45,000,000 in damages for aggrieved employees. In 2010, the agency secured $41,200,000 for aggrieved employees through the settlement of 995 sexual harassment cases. Monetary benefits involving age discrimination have been slightly higher than those of sexual harassment have because in 2012, EEOC secured $91,600,000 in damages for aggrieved employees (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). This figure was slightly higher for 2011 and 2010 because the agency secured $95,200,000 and $93,600,000 in damages for age discrimination cases. These figures accumulated from the resolution of 27,335 cases in 2012, 26,080 cases in 2011, and 24,800 cases in 2010. There have been equally high monetary rewards secured by the agency for race-based cases. In 2012, EEOC secured $100,900,000 for aggrieved employees through the resolution of 38,426 cases. In 2011, the reward was equally high because the EEOC secured $83,300,000 after it resolved 40,534 cases. In 2010, the EEOC resolved 37,559 cases and secured $84,400,000 in damages (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2013). These statistics show that the agency has been relatively effective in undertaking its mandate. Discussion of Additional Responsibility to Employers Employers have different responsibilities in their organizations to ensure the full compliance with TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. Most of these responsibilities come at an additional cost to the employers. A notable cost is training. Employers have to ensure their staff and administrators are knowledgeable about the provisions of the act to ensure they do not infringe on them (Solotoff Kramer, 1994). Such training may include an understanding of gender, race, and identity disability laws (among other provisions covered by the act). It is also an additional cost to employers to keep records of their employees (and their possible demographics) (Solotoff Kramer, 1994). Such additional documentation may act as evidence to show how an employer complies with the provisions of the act, whenever there is a need to do so.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Agency Review Expectations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In extreme cases (when employers are found culpable of employment discrimination), they may have to pay litigation costs to the aggrieved parties. It may also come as an additional cost to employers if they have to investigate discrimination cases in their organizations (if they have an in-service dispute resolution mechanism before the issue escalates to the EEOC or any other external body). Generally, these costs outline additional obligations to employers under the enforcement of TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. Challenges Experienced by the Agency Like other government agencies that experience the kind of work that EEOC does, a huge backlog of cases is an ordinary problem. This problem is a historical one that has plagued the agency for decades. For example, Keeney (2012) says in 1972, the backlog of cases reached 100,000. These cases forced former president Gerald Ford to request for additional funding for the agency to clear this backlog. The backlog has been a persistent problem since then. The 2007/2008 financial crisis further deepened the agency’s problems because it led to budget cuts and staffing cuts. Consequently, observers say the Federal government is rendering EEOC to be inefficient because the agency has to outsource the services of third parties to help it clear its case backlog, while such parties may lack the training and standards of quality upheld by EEOC (Keeney, 2012). The year 2006 is a perfect example of how the federal government al most incapacitated the agency when a partial budget freeze made it impossible for the agency to seek new recruits to fill vacant positions in the organization (Lee, 2006). This problem arose when the agency had realized a 20% reduction in staff size in the last decade (the Bush Administration justified the budget cuts to increased defense spending). Since 2008, the agency has experienced significant challenges in investigating and concluding its cases, especially because its staff size had reduced by almost 25% and it was unable to pay most of its experienced investigators (Lee, 2006). Consequently, the backlog of cases grew by 26% from 2006 to 2008 (the current case backlog is about 80,000) (Lee, 2006). This analysis therefore shows that most of the challenges facing the agency have been cyclic (bordering inadequate budgeting, low staffing, poor investigations, and increased case backlogs). Conclusion After weighing the findings of this study, it is important to acknowledge that, l ike other government agencies, EEOC has its unique challenges. However, so far, EEOC has eliminated systemic patterns of discrimination by creating a punitive environment for employers who may want to perpetrate discriminatory practices in their organizations.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Based on the analysis of the number of solved cases, the EEOC has provided relief to thousands of employees. Indeed, through its administrative enforcement activities, more than 23,400 employees have received compensation through mediation, settlement, and conciliations. The downside to the existence of EEOC regulations is the need for lengthy and costly investigations to investigate baseless accusations. These lengthy and costly investigations affect employers and the EEOC alike because both parties automatically become part of the investigations. Particularly if the investigations affirm that an employer is innocent, they would amount to unnecessary wastage of time and resources for businesses. The existence of malicious employees who want to defame employers highlights the need to have a high threshold for cases brought before the EEOC. This situation could however lead to the inclusion of new standards for recruitment in the job market. Nonetheless, such an improvement should di scourage employees who claim damages when they have no basis for doing so. References Keeney, J. (2012). Enforcing the Civil Rights Act: Fighting Racism, Sexism and the  Ku Klux Klan. The Story of the Miami EEOCs First Class Action Trial. Sarasota, FL: Civil Rights Publishing. Lee, C. (2006). EEOC Is Hobbled, Groups Contend: Case Backlog Grows as Its  Staff Is Slashed, Critics Say. Retrieved from washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/13/AR2006061301418.html Solotoff, L., Kramer, H. (1994). Sex Discrimination and Sexual Harassment in the  Workplace. New York, NY: Law Journal Press. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2013). Laws Enforced by EEOC. Retrieved from https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/

Tourism marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourism marketing plan - Essay Example There are some extremely essential services marketing strategy that Adventure out Australia can utilize to maximize its income in its business. The essay below provides several service marketing mix strategies that the company can employ to maximize its profit (Adventure out Australia website). Products For a company to be successful in a competitive market, it ought to have competition advantages over its competitors. Their products should be of high quality and attractive to potential customers. It must also provide variety of quality products to its customers (Borden 2005). Adventure outside Australia has created a variety of quality products. Some of the main service products the tourist company offers to their customers include; rock climbing, abseiling, outdoor and education adventures group games, and trekking. The Adventure outside Australia Company has a good reputation for producing quality services to their customers. Its supremacy in the tourist sector in Australia in 199 0s was due to its quality service products. To be in a position to compete in the dynamic market, Adventure outside Australia Company should undertake frequent market survey to identify the customers’ needs. The company survey should focus on local and international markets. The company should also utilize good relationship between the local owners and the company to comprehend the requirements of the customers. On the other hand, due to the emergence of many companies which have copied their products, the company has to advance the quality of their products. The company should also consider opening new market in new geographical areas. To have the competition advantages in the market, Adventure out Australia need to come up and introduce new quality products in the market. It also needs to focus on the performance of their products and how best to improve the quality of its services. People The use of appropriate staffing is exceptionally indispensable ingredients in service delivery. The services offered by the company depend on the company employees. As a result of this, employees in a company have the ability to either make or break a company. For a company to have competition advantage in the market, it must demonstrate that its staffs are better than other competitors staffs (Kotler, 2000). Over the years, Adventure out Australia Company has emerged victorious in offering quality training to its employees. They have quality facilitators and staffs who offer quality services to customers. Adventure out Australia should therefore work toward improving the quality of their employees to meet the modern international market demands. Frequent seminars and training programs is extremely relevant in ensuring employees advancements in their services delivery to customers. To have advantages in the market, the company has the responsibility of maintaining the quality of their employees by mentoring and motivating them. Outstanding performers need to be reco gnized and rewarded. This initiative will motivate employees toward improving their service delivery. On the other hand, promotion, remuneration, and recruitment should be on merit bases. Adequate staffing is also relevant in improving the quality of the services offered by the company employees to the company customers. Having quality people in the company will in this case place the adventure out Australia at a better position in the market competition. Physical Evidence

IR theorists specifically in the realist school have emphasized the Essay

IR theorists specifically in the realist school have emphasized the important role of states and their interaction in the intern - Essay Example The Realist school of thoughts presents the nation as the most important force in international politics. According to this school of thoughts the states are sovereign. Therefore a state’s authority is higher than all other non-state players like the transnational enterprises, the nongovernmental organizations, or the international organizations. All the states act in their own national interest. The Realist school of thoughts promotes the idea of states interlocked in a constant struggle for power to establish their supremacy over the others. However this struggle for power and the domination of one particular state over the others lead to a counter force against the dominant state. As a result the global balance is restored. In this struggle for power and the counter struggle military of the nations act as significant sources of power (Pant, n.d., 3; Spiegel, 2011). The states also collaborate with the other states for their national interest. The struggle for power between nations during the Cold War is an example of the Realist theory of international relations. The other states also adapt to the existing system of power on the world platform and align themselves according to their national interest. ... Realists and Market   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Globalization is a phenomenon that has caught the attention of scholars around the world. According to McGrew globalization is the growing interconnectivity and linkage that has transcended the national boundaries. It is a feature of the modern world system. By this process, any event, decision or action by a certain nation affects the residents of a different nation (Koffman, Youngs, 116). It has resulted in the integration of the entire world (Baylis, Smith, & Owens, 14, 15). According to the realists, the states have exhibited accepted globalization properly and ultimately they have played a key role in the process of globalization. Various developments had indirect influence of the state. The authors argue that the states have indeed established their sovereignty and not lost control in the age of globalization. The states have been the most significant drivers of the process of globalization through relaxing the regulation of the markets. Therefore there is a presence of state in the emergence of globalization. For a market to operate successfully there needs to be rigid enforcement of laws. The states act as the primary regulator of market. The rise in the number of multilateral trade policies shows how the states can incorporate the process of globalization in their plans and policy in the interest of their nation (Taylor, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the age of globalization human rights have received considerable focus and international standards of worker’s and civilian rights have emerged. But the realist school advocates that this attention on human rights have been possible due to the hegemony of the powerful nations. The powerful nations are mostly democratic countries. Therefore they have set up norms of

Hotel and Hospitality industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hotel and Hospitality industry - Assignment Example It is part of an International hotel group called Saint Emilton Hotel Group (SEHG). Since the hotel is having 40 hotels in its portfolio in Europe and Far East, therefore it can be safely assumed that the group is experienced enough in the business. It is being felt that hotel facilities are not being used to its fullest potential, therefore the General Manager, Robert Herr as asked Kati Mertens, the Front Office Manager to examine and prioritise the pricing strategy. Some of the key issues that Kati needs to look into, are; b. Tourist visitors too fall in two categories. One from an affluent class, for whom price is no consideration, and he is on the lookout for comfort and pleasure. On the other hand less affluent and middle income group customers always desire reasonable pricing for a decent comfort. This sort of data can be gathered from feedback forms (for return customers) and by judging them through correspondence or at the front office. Accordingly differential pricing strategy can be prepared depending upon their economic background. The visitor who's here on a tourism spree has the requirements for sight-seeing etc. Therefore, it is equally important the Hotel has a tie up with some tour operators for such sight-seeing tours etc. must be c. c. The business visitor on the hand requires a host of facilities like, meeting rooms, conference facilities, Fax, Wi-Fi,

Public Service Broadcasting and the Unique Way by which the BBC Essay

Public Service Broadcasting and the Unique Way by which the BBC Funding Impact - Essay Example Generally, journalism refers to the science of gathering and analyzing information that generates some kind of significance from the public (Hodkison, 2011:39). The BBC Company stands as the pioneer of public service broadcasting systems in the world. Other countries systems gain expertise and knowledge from the analysis of the service’s past and its development to its current statue. This paper seeks to examine the use of journalism and mass media in the public service broadcasting systems, and the current means used to sustain and fund the relevant institutions. In this paper, much focus is on the BBC broadcasting service, and the general conduct of its operations. The current type of journalism possesses numerous results. These include the reporting of general news, politics, sporting, crime, interviews, and economics. Journalism employs numerous avenues of communication, depending on the platform in use (THE BBC TRUST CONCLUSIONS, 2008:16). These include oral, written, or a combination of both forms of communication. This is a very precarious profession. This is because the career involves working on newly happened events. This is because the public is usually more inclined to information regarding recent or currently breaking news regarding various issues, individuals, regions, or natural happenings. Therefore, an individual who is involved in the industry must possess various special qualities. These include being open-minded, intelligent, non-partisan, and ready to adapt in varying situations. In addition, he/she has to control his emotions appropriately, in case he is required to account on tragic situations or calamities while on spot (Cobley, 2010:59). The career also offers generous benefits, including meeting with famous individuals. Nevertheless, these benefits do not come free. A journalist must always be able to think straight and focus perceptively, even in intimidating circumstances. This is a major requirement if one is able to deliver effectively on the current assignment. However, as with all other professions, this career has also drawn heavy criticism from the public. Critics claim that this profession is a unique one because it the individuals involved earn their living through educating the public about information and issues that they personally know nothing about (Hodkison, 2011:84). The most popular and most effective form of journalism happens through mass media. The conduct of journalism through mass media has been heavily influenced by the rapid development of digital expertise. Mass media refers to any avenue whose purpose is to convey mass communique. It refers to the process of conveying a message from one source to a comparatively bigger audience through conveying machines or tools. For ages, constituents of mass media included magazines, television, books, recordings, newspapers, movies, and the internet (Branston, 2006:78). The sustained boom in the field of digital communication knowledge and te chnique has drawn fervent arguments as to whether to add video, computer games, and cell phones to the group of mass media constituents. In recent times, there has been evidence of advertisers and marketers scheming to exploit the use of satellites to

Law Enforcement Career

Law Enforcement Career Law enforcement is a challenging career choice that will make a positive difference to society. Law enforcement is a public service supplied to the community by the city, state and federal governments (Funk Wagnalls New Encyclopedia, 1986). Law enforcement officers are the front line of protection for the public within all of our communities. They protect us twenty four hours a day, everyday in every facet of our lives. Law enforcement is there to keep us safe in our travels as well as where we work and live. This is a very serious profession and at times dangerous but is a field that is absolutely imperative in order to keep society safe. This career is not for everyone. A successful law enforcement officer must have the desire to serve the public. Not many individuals would choose a career that has as one of its requirements having to run towards danger. This goes against all human instinct. Attempting to make the world a better place is very rewarding and noble mission. Those who elect such a career for the right reason of wanting to serve their community are very special individuals. They put their own safety on the line for all of us. There seems little doubt that law enforcement is a dignified career that should have the respect of everyone. For those who have future aspirations in this field, it takes education, hard work, courage and determination to be able to obtain this very rewarding career choice. A police officer can make a real difference in peoples lives. How many careers can make that statement? All societies need law enforcement. Law enforcement has existed in the United States since the beginning of European immigration. J. Edgar Hoover famous founder of the Federal Bureau of Investigation once said justice is incidental to law and order. This comment gets to the root of why we have laws and the need to enforce them. Justice will be served when individuals rights and freedoms are protected. Law enforcement means ensuring obedience to laws (Websters New Edition Dictionary, 1997). American colonists brought with them the structure of the office of constable from the European system when they immigrated in the 1700 and 1800s. The first local modern police department established in the United States was the Boston Police Department in 1838, followed by the New York City Police Department in 1845 (Stinchcomb, 2003). As people immigrated to the United States and people moved westward towns and cities were built. The need for protection of the individual was necessary. In time la w enforcement was installed in these new territories for without it there would be no civilized society. Law enforcement is a key component of criminal justice system and is necessary for a safe society. A career in law enforcement is something that many people pursue, however not all are suited for the career. My aspiration is to make my community safe from crime and society a better place to live. This has always been my dream. My paternal grandfather was a New York City police officer for nearly 30 years. My respect for him and others who carry on this difficult but truly meaningful work has inspired me. There are basic requirements that must be met in order to pursue a professional law enforcement career. The first step an individual takes towards becoming a New York City police officer is to take a written civil service examination. The Department of Citywide Administrative Services (DCAS) administers these exams. DCAS is responsible for the actual administration of the exam as well as the compilation of the list of names of individuals who pass the exam. DCAS then provides the New York City Police Department with the list of candidates. The Applicant Processing Division then begins the selection process. The New York City Police Department requires completion of 60 credits of college work with a 2.0 grade point average. Two years of military service can be substituted for the educational requirement. Also required is a medical examination as well as a character background check (New York City Police department, 2011). Once these criteria have been met an individual can be consider ed for appointment. As far as the rest of the country and other jurisdictions, the educational requirement for a police officer varies state to state. Some require a college degree while others just high school (US Department of Labor, 2010-11 ed.). Successful officers require above average intelligence and good physical conditioning. They should have good interpersonal skills and strong willingness to learn. The police department will thoroughly investigate the background of all candidates prior to appointment to the police academy. Critical to the job is sound character. An applicant is disqualified for a prior conviction of a crime. Previous work experience will allow investigators the chance to obtain a positive reference which will enhance the chances of appointment to the police force. What can one expect upon appointment to the New York City Police Department? The first five years on the department, an individual is designated as patrolman. Working conditions vary dependent on assignment. Upon graduation from the police academy the rookie officer is assigned to a training officer (Warners, 2011). The new officer was trained in text book cases while at the academy. The training officer is there to indoctrinate the new officer to the day to day work. This will help bolster the new officers experience by leveraging the knowledge of a veteran officer while also building the rookies confidence. Some assignments may be more difficult than others as crime varies in different parts of a city. The work week is 40 hours. The hours of the day worked will vary as there obviously must be 24 hour coverage. Shifts can be 8am to 4pm, 4pm to 12am and 12am to 8am. There may be some variation dependent on a specific assignment. NY City Police officers receive 28 paid days off a year and unlimited sickness time. Medical coverage is part of their compensation. At this present time an officer can retire after 20 years of service with half pay which is exempt from both New York City and New York State taxes. If an officer is permanently injured on the job they will receive three quarters pay exempt from all taxes including federal taxes. Police and Sheriffs patrol officers had a medium annual wages of $51,410 in May 2008. Police and detective supervisors medium income was $75,490 in May 2008 (US Department of Labor, 2010-11 ed) New York City police department salaries begin at $41,000 and will increase up to $60,000 within the first five years (New York City Police Department, 2011). Emotional stress is a great problem. For the patrolman working the street no two days may be alike. Police officers experience physical stress with working shift work as well as facing physical danger. This stress not only impacts the officer, but also affects their family. Many marri ed officers get divorced. Managing the stress of job and family pressure is important to the officers mental well being. Severe stress has been shown to adversely affect an officers health, From a management view this will lead to absenteeism which in turn leads to decreased productivity. (Tang and Hammontree, (1992). Critical to the individual candidate for a law enforcement position is the ability to mitigate stress via the police department counseling programs as well as through outside interests. Also the candidate must understand their own self with regard to anxiety and how they deal with it. There is a broad range of ethnic diversity on the New York City Police force. In addition there is broad diversity in the community. Officers are constantly being evaluated by their supervision. The entire department is constantly being monitored by the civilian review board as well all the media that covers police activity daily. As with any career choice there are both advantages and disadvantages with a law enforcement career. The advantage of the New York City Police Department is the ability to take and pass written examinations all the way up to the captains designation. The onus is on the individual to be motivated to prepare and pass these written examinations. A disadvantage is being subjected to New York City fiscal constraints which will impact pay scales along with other benefits. This is mitigated by the collective bargaining by the police union which generally has the police officers best interests in mind. There is a solid employment future as the city will always require law enforcement. Ideal career path is police officer for 5 years, then take the sergeants exam. A sergeant must wait 3 years prior to testing for lieutenant and then 2 years prior captains test. There are many specialties within the police department. There is the K-9 unit, detective, narcotics, scuba, aviation, marine, mounted horse division and various others. One of particular interest is forensics or the application of scientific analysis in process of criminal investigation (Websters New Edition Dictionary, 1997). The captain is the highest tested position before political appointments to inspector. Constant training and study in all of the police department rules and regulations as well as in human behavior is the best path to advancement. As previously discussed physical and mental stress can wear down the individual. Overall opportunities in local police departments will be favorable for individuals who meet the psychological, personal, and physical qualifications. In addition to openings from employment growth, many openings will be created by the need to replace workers who retire and those who leave local agencies for Federal jobs and private-sector security jobs. Jobs in local police departments that offer relatively low salaries, or those in urban communities in which the crime rate is relati vely high, may be the easiest to get. Some smaller departments may have fewer opportunities as budgets limit the ability to hire additional officers. Bilingual applicants with military experience or college training in police science will have the best opportunities in local and State department (US Department of Labor, 2010-2011 ed.). Law enforcement is a challenging career choice that will make a positive difference to a society. A police officer is entrusted with enormous power. No other government official has the same breadth of authority (Baker, 2006). A police officer is true public servant who must exhibit compassion, courage, sound judgment and constant alertness. Few professions have such an opportunity to help people so directly (Baker, 2006). A career in law enforcement would be very challenging as well as personally rewarding. I believe that I am well suited for a career in law enforcement. I am interested in helping others. Such a career can make a real difference to society. My personal temperament is generally understanding and I enjoy being out in the community. In order to attain my goal I must become college educated. I must prepare to the best of my ability for the rigors both physically and mentally of a law enforcement career.

George MacDonalds The Princess and the Goblin :: MacDonald Princess Goblin Essays

George MacDonald's The Princess and the Goblin The moon has been worshipped as a female deity since the beginning of time. Not only is the moon a feminine principle, it is also a symbol of transformation due to its own monthly cycle of change. With this in mind, it is clear upon a close reading of The Princess and the Goblin by George MacDonald that the grandmother figure is a personification of the moon, and as such is a catalyzing agent for Irene's maturation and transformation through the course of the novel. Taking this a step further, the elder Irene contains the threefold aspect of the Moon Goddess. She is Artemis, Selene, and Hecate; the crescent moon, the full moon, and the dark moon; maiden, mother, and crone (Rush, 149). Due to the three-fold nature of the grandmother, one can break this story into three parts. It begins with Hecate the Dark Moon and crone, moves to Artemis the crescent moon and maiden, and ends with Selene the full moon and the mother. After interacting with each of these aspects, Irene undergoes a significant transformation which ultimately leads her to the next aspect. This tripartite structure is prevalent in folklore. Irene encounters Hecate the Dark Moon in her first two visits to her grandmother. This image of the grandmother is reinforced in two ways in Irene's encounter with her. First, her physical description matches the dark aspect, "she was dressed in black velvet with thick white heavy-looking lace about it; and on the black dress her hair shone like silver"(MacDonald, 13). Silver is the metal associated with the moon (Jobes 119). In addition, as Hecate is one of the caretakers of children (Stapleton, 89) and in the second scene with the grandmother, while she is still Hecate, she heals Irene's injured thumb. However, there is a much more subtle way in which the grandmother is developed as being Hecate. Since Hecate is the moon before, "she has risen and after she has set," (Jobes 1120) then the dark aspect of the grandmother in her first two scenes demonstrates that Irene is still in the dark period before her major transformation, before being brought into full illumination. Despite being within the dark aspect, Irene still benefits from her first encounter with her grandmother and thus undergoes a small change. Due to meeting her grandmother, Irene realizes that sometimes it is wise to keep her own counsel.